1
.
Information
technology
(
IT
)
is
the
use
of
computers
and
telecommunications
equipment
to
store
,
retrieve
,
transmit
and
manipulate
data
.
The
term
is
commonly
used
as
a
____________________
for
computers
and
computer
networks
,
but
it
also
encompasses
other
information
distribution
technologies
such
as
television
and
telephones
.
Several
industries
are
associated
with
information
technology
,
such
as
computer
hardware
,
software
,
electronics
,
____________________
,
internet
,
telecom
equipment
and
computer
services
.
2
.
Database
management
systems
emerged
in
the
1960s
to
address
the
problem
of
storing
and
retrieving
large
amounts
of
data
accurately
and
quickly
.
One
of
the
earliest
such
systems
was
IBM's
Information
Management
System
(
IMS
)
,
which
is
still
widely
deployed
more
than
40
years
later
.
IMS
stores
data
hierarchically
,
but
in
the
1970s
Ted
Codd
proposed
an
alternative
relational
____________________
model
based
on
set
theory
and
predicate
logic
and
the
familiar
concepts
of
tables
,
rows
and
columns
.
The
first
commercially
available
relational
database
management
system
(
RDBMS
)
was
available
from
Oracle
in
1980
.
3
.
The
relational
database
model
introduced
a
programming
language
independent
Structured
Query
Language
(
SQL
)
,
based
on
____________________
algebra
.
4
.
Data
transmission
has
three
aspects
:
transmission
,
____________________
,
and
reception
.
