There
____________________
acids
incorporated
into
____________________
.
All
amino
acids
exist
in
the
L
-
form
,
except
for
glycine
.
The
pneumonic
for
the essential
amino
acids is
PVT
TIM
____________________
P
=
phenylalanine T
=
threonine H
=
histidine
V
=
valine I
=
isoleucine A
=
arginine
T
=
tryptophan M
=
methionine L
=
leucine
L
=
lysine
The purely
ketogenic amino
acids
are
____________________
and
____________________
.
· The aromatic amino
acids
are
phenylalanine
,
tyrosine
and
____________________
.
· The sulfur
-
containing amino
acids
are
____________________
,
methionine
and
cystine
.
· The branched
-
chain amino
acids
are
isoleucine
,
leucine
,
and
____________________
.
· The acidic amino
acids
are
aspartic
acid
(
aspartate
)
and
____________________
acid
(
glutamate
)
.
· The basic amino
acids
are
histidine
,
tysiee
and
arginine
.
Amino
acid
products
?
what
do
they
make
?
:
· Phenylalanine
?
>
tyrosine
(
deficiency
of
phenylalanine
hydroxylase
=
____________________
____________________
)
· Tyrosine
-
»
L
-
dopa
-
»
dopamine
-
norepinephrin
-
»
epinephrine_
(
catecholamines
)
· Tyrosine
-
}
L
-
dopa
-
____________________
(
skin
pigmentation
)
· Histidine
-
>
histamine
· Tryptophan
-
»
serotonin
Tryptophan
-
»
NAD
Glutamate
-
-
}
____________________
Glycine
/
Arginine
-
-
}
Creatine
The
characteristic
bond
of
all
proteins
is
____________________
bond
.
The
____________________
____________________
is
a
type
of
amide
bond
that
is
specific
for
proteins
.
Formed
by
protein
synthesis
by
mRNA
and
____________________
subunits
of
Ribosomes
in
the Endoplasmic
Reticulum of
the
cell
· Primary
(
1
*
)
:
Linear
sequence
of
amino
acids
.
· Secondary
(
2°
)
:
____________________
-
____________________
and
b
-
____________________
____________________
.
Both
structures
are
held
together
by
hydrogen
bonds
between
atoms
of
the
polypeptide
backbone
.
(
Examples
include
the
fibrous
protein's
collagen
and
silk
)
.
· Tertiary
(
3
"
)
:
Folding
of
a
single
polypeptide
chain
in
solution
.
____________________
is
the
classic
example
of
a
globular
protein
with
tertiary
structure
.
· Quaternary
(
4°
)
:
Association
of
two
or
more
polypeptide
chains
to
make
a
functional
protein
.
____________________
is
the
classic
example
(
2alpha
,
2beta
)
.
Amino
Acid
Metabolism
Route
:
Transamination
,
then
Oxidative
____________________
Removed
Ammonia
:
Carried
to
the
____________________
cycle
by
Glutamate
Left
over
carbon
skeletons are
either
:
Glucogenic
-
-
form
pyruvate
or
oxaloacetate
to
make
____________________
Ketogenic
-
-
form
acetyl
CoA
or
Acetoacetyl
CoA
to
make
Ketones
(
lucine
makes
ketones
.
.
.
Lucy
is
the
Key
)
Glucose
Alanine
Cycle
AKA
Lactic
Acid
or
Cori
Cycle
During
exercise
:
muscle
makes
Ammonia
from
amino
acids
Lactate
from
glucose
Alanine
:
Ammonia
and
Lactate
Liver
:
Alanine
travels
to
liver
and
is
converted
back
____________________
Ammonia
Then
:
Ammonia
becomes
urea
,
Lactate
becomes
glucose
through
____________________
Glucose
returns
to
muscle
via
blood
to
be
burned
Urea
Cycle
Rids
body
of
toxic
ammonia
Carbomyl
phosphate
sythetase
produces
carbomyl
phosphate
,
requiring
ATP
and
Mg
Intermediates
in
Urea
Cycle
:
FACO
,
GA
Fumarate
,
Arginine
,
____________________
,
Ornithine
,
____________________
,
Aspartate