Cardiac
output
?
One
minute
of
____________________
output
Stroke
volume
?
One
____________________
of
ventricle
output
Cuff
sound
?
AKA
____________________
,
cuff
problems
=
high
readings
Auscultatory
gap
?
usually
indicates
____________________
Bruit
(
____________________
)
and
thrills
(
____________________
)
?
indicate
____________________
Midsystolic
murmur
?
Semilunar
stenosis
Pansystolic
murmur
?
AV
regurgitation
(
Pan
means
all
throughout
systole
S1
-
S2
)
Ejection
(
usually
systolic
)
-
semilunar
stenosis
:
Aortic
?
same
during
respiration
Pulmonic
?
decreases
with
____________________
Clicks
(
late
systolic
)
?
____________________
prolapse
(
apex
and
2nd
intercostal
space
)
Opening
Snap
(
very
early
diastolic
)
?
mitral
stenosis
,
high
pitched
,
not
effected
by
respiration
,
heard
in
apex
in
pulmonic
region
,
often
misdiagnosed
as
pulmonic
valve
abnormality
.
Regurgitation
=
insufficient
=
proplapse
=
incompetent
S3
(
low
pitched
)
:
heard
near
xiphoid
;
associated
with
AV
regurgitation
Physiological
:
Under
40
,
often
heard
in
children
and
late
trimester
pregnancy
Pathological
:
Over
40
,
called
ventricular
gallop
S4
(
arterial
gallop
)
:
heard
at
apex
;
associated
with
pulmonic
stenosis
and
pulmonary
hypertension
Valve
murmur
rules
:
Murmurs
best
heard
at
ERBS
POINT
-
-
3rd
intercostal
on
left
Location
(
APET
-
M
)
2nd
on
____________________
-
aortic
2nd
on
____________________
-
pulmonic
3rd
on
left
-
Erbs
____________________
on
left
-
tricuspid
5th
on
left
____________________
-
-
mitral
When
(
systole
,
diastole
,
pan
,
mid
)
Description
(
eject
,
click
,
inhale
,
exhale
,
high
,
low
)
ARMS
and
PRTS
for
diastolic
murmurs
Pericarditis
?
____________________
around
the
heart
;
____________________
present
(
4th
intercostal
)
Endocarditis
?
infection
of
the
heart
muscle
itself
(
Strep
most
often
)
EKG
aka
ECG
?
evaluates
heart
rhythms
(
MI
,
arrhythmias
)
____________________
?
evaluates
chamber
size
and
fluid
(
murmurs
,
CHF
,
carditis
)
Cardiac
enzymes
(
for
necrosis
/
infarct
)
CK
-
MB
(
CPK
)
SGOT
/
AST
LD
H
