Glycosylated
Hemoglobin
:
This
is
a
test
of
the
RBCs
that
reveals
the
body's
ability
to
utilize
glucose
over
a
period
of
2
-
____________________
months
.
It
is
used
only
to
evaluate
the
____________________
of
insulin
when
controlling
the
blood
sugar
level
.
HCG
:
Human
chorionic
gonadotropin
can
be
detected
in
the
blood
of
a
pregnant
woman
as
early
as
3
days
following
gimplantation
with
rare
false
positives
.
HCG
is
found
in
the
urine
8
-
10
days
after
implantation
.
There
is
____________________
HCG
normally
found
in
non
-
pregnant
females
.
Increase
In
:
hydatidiform
mole
,
____________________
,
seminoma
,
ovarian
and
testicular
teratomas
,
multiple
pregnancies
Decreased
In
:
threatened
abortion
,
____________________
pregnancy
HLA
B27
:
Human
leukocyte
antigen
locus
-
B27is
indicative
of
____________________
____________________
(
____________________
of
patients
have
it
.
)
It
is
found
also
in
____________________
syndrome
,
acute
anterior
uveitis
,
Graves
Disease
,
juvenile
rheumatoid
arthritis
,
psoriatic
arthritis
,
and
enteropathic
arthritis
.
HDL
?
Cholesterol
:
A
lipoprotein
thought
to
play
a
role
in
____________________
LDLs
from
the
arteries
.
The
HDL
level
,
if
high
,
indicates
a
____________________
risk
of
coronary
heart
disease
while
the
HDL
level
,
if
____________________
,
indicates
a
high
risk
.
The
levels
in
women
are
usually
higher
than
the
levels
in
men
of
comparable
age
.
There
is
a
correlation
between
low
HDL
levels
,
obesity
,
and
diabetes
mellitus
.
Physical
exercise
tends
to
increase
the
level
of
HDL
.
Normals
:
____________________
mg
/
dl
I
-
131
Uptake
:
This
radioisotope
(
____________________
scan
)
procedure
is
used
to
determine
the
ability
of
the
thyroid
to
hold
____________________
.
The
iodine
that
is
radioactive
is
treated
the
same
way
that
regular
iodine
is
treated
.
Increased
In
:
____________________
,
endemic
goiter
Decreased
In
:
____________________
,
thyroid
cancer
Immunoelectro
-
Phoresis
:
A
blood
test
used
to
measure
levels
of
____________________
and
registered
monoclonal
spikes
.
Monoclonal
increase
indicates
a
neoplastic
process
.
99
percent
of
those
with
multiple
myeloma
have
this
spike
.
Bence
Jones
protein
in
the
urine
further
identifies
the
____________________
spike
.
____________________
is
elevated
most
in
____________________
myeloma
.
Iron
:
Iron
is
necessary
for
____________________
production
.
Iron
absorption
is
regulated
by
____________________
and
beta
globulin
.
High
transferrin
levels
relate
to
the
ability
of
the
body
to
fight
____________________
.
TIBC
correlates
with
transferrin
and
it
is
necessary
to
determine
iron
transferrin
and
TIBC
levels
to
differentiate
between
various
anemias
.
Increased
In
:
____________________
disease
,
acute
liver
problems
Decreased
In
:
Iron
____________________
anemia
,
____________________
blood
loss
Ketones
:
Ketones
occur
as
a
result
of
incomplete
____________________
oxidation
.
They
appear
in
the
serum
and
urine
when
fat
is
being
used
as
the
primary
fuel
rather
than
carbohydrates
,
as
in
diabetic
____________________
and
____________________
.
LDH
(
Lactic
Dehydrogenase
)
:
This
is
an
enzyme
found
in
the
tissues
of
the
kidney
,
heart
,
pancreas
,
skeletal
muscle
,
spleen
,
brain
,
and
lungs
.
It
is
associated
with
____________________
and
active
in
the
Kreb's
cycle
of
the
liver
and
muscle
.
LDH
level
is
____________________
times
normal
when
one
has
an
____________________
.
-
onset
is
2
days
after
an
MI
-
peaks
36
-
55
hours
after
an
MI
-
falls
in
7
-
8
days
-
10
-
14
days
returns
to
normal
Normals
:
85
-
255
mu
/
ml
Increased
In
:
myocardial
infarction
,
CHF
,
alcoholism
,
cancer
,
pulmonary
infarction
,
muscular
dystrophy
,
and
strenuous
exercise
Decreased
In
:
____________________
response
to
cancer
therapy
Isoenzymes
:
There
are
5
isoenzymes
to
evaluate
specific
conditions
.
All
of
these
isoenzymes
are
increased
in
systemic
disease
.
If
LDH1
is
greater
than
LDH2
and
the
CK
-
MB
is
also
elevated
it
is
diagnostic
of
an
MI
within
____________________
hours
of
initial
onset
of
pain
.
Lipase
:
This
is
an
enzyme
involved
in
changing
fats
to
fatty
acids
and
____________________
.
The
pancreas
is
the
main
source
of
this
enzyme
.
Increased
In
:
Acute
____________________
3
-
6
hours
after
onset
of
pain
,
acute
exacerbation
of
acute
pancreatitis
,
alcoholic
poisoning
,
acute
cholecystitis
,
and
peritonitis
Lipids
:
Lipids
are
used
by
the
body
for
energy
.
They
are
precursors
to
steroid
hormones
and
bile
acids
.
Total
lipids
are
cholesterol
,
trigycerides
,
phospholipids
which
all
circulate
as
lipoprotein
.
The
upper
limit
for
all
three
is
about
800
mg
/
dl
.
Cholesterol
:
This
is
a
fat
-
soluble
steroid
alcohol
needed
to
make
bile
acids
,
cell
membranes
,
and
sex
hormones
.
It
is
a
major
risk
factor
for
coreonary
heart
disease
.
Normals
:
140
-
____________________
mg%
.
Increased
In
:
early
starvation
,
hypothyroidism
,
diabetes
mellitis
,
Thype
II
familial
____________________
,
atherosclerotic
tendencies
Decreased
In
:
late
starvation
,
malabsorption
,
cirrhosis
,
____________________
Triglycerides
:
These
are
esters
of
glycerol
and
fatty
acids
,
synthesized
by
the
liver
and
stored
in
fat
tissues
.
Normals
:
30
-
____________________
mg%
Increased
In
:
____________________
,
diabetes
mellitus
,
atherosclerotic
tendencies
,
alcoholism
,
hypothyroidism
Decreased
In
:
cirrhosis
,
malabsorption
LE
Cell
:
Microscopic
identification
of
a
neutrophil
that
has
ingested
a
modified
nucleus
from
another
neutrophil
.
This
occurrence
requires
the
presence
of
the
LE
factor
probably
an
antibody
in
the
patient
.
50
-
70%
of
the
active
cases
of
Systemic
Lupus
Erythematosus
can
be
detected
from
this
test
.
A
false
positive
may
result
if
the
patient
has
a
collagen
disease
.
Phosphorus
(
Inorganic
)
:
Phosphorus
is
needed
to
generate
____________________
tissue
and
to
metabolize
glucose
and
lipids
for
acid
-
based
balance
and
to
store
and
transfer
energy
.
Phosphorus
enters
the
cell
with
glucose
and
decreases
with
carbohydrate
ingestion
.
Eighty
-
eight
percent
is
combined
with
calcium
in
bone
and
the
rest
is
in
the
cells
.
Phosphorus
is
the
____________________
of
calcium
in
the
blood
.
Normals
:
2
.
5
-
____________________
.
5
mg%
Increased
In
:
Kidney
disease
,
hypervitaminosis
D
.
Decreased
In
:
rickets
,
____________________
,
hypovitaminosis
D
,
hyperparathyroidism
,
and
severe
malnutrition
Potassium
:
This
is
the
main
element
is
____________________
activity
.
It
is
exchanged
for
sodium
in
the
kidney
.
Potassium
is
important
for
____________________
conduction
,
muscle
function
,
acid
-
base
balance
and
osmotic
pressure
.
Along
with
calcium
and
magnesium
,
it
controls
the
force
of
heart
contraction
.
Abnormalities
produce
a
U
Wave
on
an
EKG
.
Normals
:
3
.
5
-
____________________
.
0
mEq
/
1
Increased
In
:
Addison's
disease
,
renal
failure
Decreased
In
:
chronic
____________________
disease
,
use
of
insulin
,
diuretics
Prothrombin
Time
:
Prothrombin
is
a
protein
produced
by
the
liver
and
utilized
for
blood
clotting
.
Adequate
vitamin
K
is
essential
during
the
clotting
process
to
convert
prothrombin
to
thrombin
.
Prothrombin
time
indirectly
measures
the
ability
of
the
blood
to
clot
and
directly
measures
a
defect
in
stage
II
of
the
clotting
mechanism
.
This
test
is
useful
in
the
____________________
of
anticoagulant
therapy
.
Normals
:
11
.
5
-
____________________
.
0
seconds
Increased
In
:
Vitamin
____________________
deficiency
(
often
seen
with
obstructive
jaundice
)
,
hepatocellular
diseas
e
