targeted support and improvement (TSI)
Bilingual Education Act (Title VII) of 1968
Race to the Top (RTTT)
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
English for the Children initiatives
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015
ESEA Flexibility
Proposition 58 ("English proficiency. Multilingual Education")
Comprehensive Support and Improvement (CSI)
Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) of 1974
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001
Common Core State Standards
Look Act
The most recent reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Provides federal education funding and sets official federal education policy with specific requirements related to instruction, assessment, accountability, and other educational issues.
An intervention plan for schools that have one or more chronically low-performing subgroups on state tests or other achievement measures, as required by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Districts must establish CSI plans for the lowest 5% of all schools, and for high schools with less than a 67% graduation rate.
An initiative of the Obama administration to grant relief from certain federal mandates under the No Child Left Behind Act, such as the adequate yearly progress requirements and accountability provisions of Title I, in exchange for state-negotiated accountability programs aligned with the administration's criteria, including the creation or adoption of new college and career readiness standards and assessments.
The main body of federal education policy and law and the source for education funding to state and local education agencies. Passed in 1965 and binding on all states and entities that accept federal education funding.
A reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act that was in effect until the passage of Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015. Introduced a heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing.
A California voter initiative passed in 2016 that essentially reversed Proposition 227's restrictions on bilingual education. It declares that schools must ensure that students become proficient in English, authorizes dual-language immersion programs, calls for parental and community input on language acquisition programs, and recognizes the rights of parents to select available programs that best meet their children's needs.
"Next generation" college-and-career-readiness standards in English language arts and mathematics developed by a coalition of states that have been adopted by nearly all states.
A grant program, part of the Obama administration's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, that provided over $4 billion in competitive grants for states to begin education reform efforts aligned with specific criteria, including the creation or adoption of new college and career readiness standards and assessments.
An intervention plan that school districts must implement in cases where one or more subgroups of students are consistently underperforming on state tests and other achievement measures, as required under the Every Student Succeeds Act.
Legislation passed in 2017 by the Massachusetts State Legislature- Bill H.4032. "An Act relative to language opportunity for our kids (LOOK)." Essentially reverses Question 2 by undoing restrictions on bilingual education programs and allows school districts flexibility in providing language acquisition programs for ELLs. The Act also established the state's Seal of Biliteracy.
A federal law that declares, "No state shall deny educational opportunities to an individual on account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin." Includes the mandate that education agencies take appropriate actions to help ELL students overcome language barriers that impede equal participation of students in education programs.
Referendums put to voters in four states with large ELL populations that would place severe restrictions on bilingual education programs. In 1998, California voters approved Proposition 227; in 2000, Arizona voters approved Proposition 203; and in 2002, Massachusetts voters approved Question 2. An attempt to pass a similar initiative in Colorado (Amendment 31) failed.
Added in 1968 as Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Before passage of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, it provided federal support for bilingual and other programs for ELLs and their families through competitive grants.
