Isolates leaders from the public
Profit and individual or limited institutional advancement as main concerns
Embraces public values
Top-down, command and control style of decision-making
Addresses social structures that hinder people's progress
Uses legitimate and positional authority
Seeks individual advancement and achievement
Leadership as community action and social activism
Privileges community and justice concerns including widespread participation
Builds interdependency
Individuals seek out leadership positions or are appointed by small group of elites
Seeks full participation and consensus building
Engages people to find community-oriented solutions
Builds community capacity and group empowerment
The group enlists leaders
Seeks the good of the whole
Individualistic orientation
Seeks egalitarian pluralism
Relies on moral authority
Encourages active,visible citizenship
Creates hierarchy
Collective orientation
