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1. What is cardiac output?
A
The rate at which the heart beats
B
The quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given time period
C
The amount of blood in the heart
2. What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?
A
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate / Stroke Volume
B
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
C
Cardiac Output = Heart Rate + Stroke Volume
3. What is the average cardiac output for a resting adult?
A
Around 10 liters per minute
B
Around 1 liter per minute
C
Around 5 liters per minute
4. Which of the following factors can increase cardiac output?
A
Exercise
B
Stress
C
Sleep
5. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body?
A
Right ventricle
B
Right atrium
C
Left ventricle
6. What is stroke volume?
A
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat
B
The rate at which the heart beats
C
The amount of blood in the heart
7. What is the normal range for stroke volume?
A
Around 10-30 milliliters
B
Around 60-100 milliliters
C
Around 200-300 milliliters
8. Which of the following can decrease cardiac output?
A
Heart failure
B
Healthy diet
C
Regular exercise
9. What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating cardiac output?
A
It controls stroke volume
B
It controls heart rate
C
It controls blood pressure
10. What is the main function of cardiac output?
A
To remove waste products from the body
B
To regulate body temperature
C
To deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues
11. What is preload?
A
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
B
The amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole
C
The pressure against which the ventricles must pump
12. What is afterload?
A
The amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole
B
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
C
The pressure against which the ventricles must pump
13. What is contractility?
A
The pressure against which the ventricles must pump
B
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
C
The force of contraction of the cardiac muscle
14. Which of the following increases preload?
A
Increased afterload
B
Increased venous return
C
Decreased venous return
15. Which of the following increases afterload?
A
Increased contractility
B
Decreased systemic vascular resistance
C
Increased systemic vascular resistance
16. Which of the following increases contractility?
A
Sympathetic stimulation
B
Increased afterload
C
Parasympathetic stimulation
17. What happens to stroke volume when preload increases?
A
It decreases
B
It remains unchanged
C
It increases
18. What happens to stroke volume when afterload increases?
A
It increases
B
It remains unchanged
C
It decreases
19. What happens to stroke volume when contractility increases?
A
It remains unchanged
B
It increases
C
It decreases
20. Which of the following is an example of increased afterload?
A
Hypertension
B
Heart failure
C
Hypotension
21. What is systemic vascular resistance?
A
The resistance to blood flow in the coronary circulation
B
The resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation
C
The resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circulation
22. What factors contribute to an increase in systemic vascular resistance?
A
Vasodilation and decreased blood viscosity
B
Increased cardiac output and decreased blood pressure
C
Vasoconstriction and increased blood viscosity
23. Which of the following can cause a decrease in systemic vascular resistance?
A
Increased blood viscosity
B
Vasoconstriction
C
Vasodilation
24. What is the unit of measurement for systemic vascular resistance?
A
mL/min
B
dyn·s/cm^5
C
mmHg
25. How is systemic vascular resistance calculated?
A
Heart rate x Stroke volume
B
Cardiac output / Mean arterial pressure
C
Mean arterial pressure / Cardiac output
26. What effect does an increase in systemic vascular resistance have on blood pressure?
A
Increases blood pressure
B
No effect on blood pressure
C
Decreases blood pressure
27. Which of the following conditions is associated with high systemic vascular resistance?
A
Hypertension
B
Hypotension
C
Heart failure
28. What is the primary regulator of systemic vascular resistance?
A
Veins
B
Arterioles
C
Capillaries
29. What is the normal range for systemic vascular resistance?
A
800-1200 dyn·s/cm^5
B
60-100 mL/min
C
120-180 mmHg
30. What is the relationship between systemic vascular resistance and blood flow?
A
Direct relationship
B
No relationship
C
Inverse relationship
31. What is the main difference between non-invasive and invasive hemodynamic monitoring?
A
Invasive methods are less expensive than non-invasive methods.
B
Non-invasive methods do not require the insertion of catheters into blood vessels.
C
Non-invasive methods are more accurate than invasive methods.
32. Which of the following is an example of non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring?
A
Blood pressure measurement using a sphygmomanometer.
B
Insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter.
C
Measurement of central venous pressure using a catheter.
33. What is the purpose of hemodynamic monitoring?
A
To diagnose respiratory diseases.
B
To assess the function of the cardiovascular system.
C
To monitor brain activity.
34. Which of the following is a disadvantage of invasive hemodynamic monitoring?
A
Invasive methods require specialized training to perform.
B
Increased risk of complications such as infection and bleeding.
C
Non-invasive methods are not as accurate as invasive methods.
35. What is the gold standard for invasive hemodynamic monitoring?
A
Measurement of blood pressure using an arterial line.
B
Measurement of cardiac output using a thermodilution technique.
C
Pulmonary artery catheterization.
36. Which of the following is a non-invasive method to measure cardiac output?
A
Doppler echocardiography.
B
Measurement of central venous pressure.
C
Measurement of arterial blood gases.
37. What is the normal range for central venous pressure (CVP)?
A
10-20 mmHg.
B
2-8 mmHg.
C
30-40 mmHg.
38. Which of the following is a non-invasive method to measure blood pressure?
A
Arterial line insertion.
B
Oscillometry.
C
Pulmonary artery catheterization.
39. What is the purpose of measuring cardiac output?
A
To evaluate the function of the respiratory system.
B
To measure the oxygen saturation of arterial blood.
C
To assess the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
40. Which of the following is a disadvantage of non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring?
A
More expensive than invasive methods.
B
Requires the insertion of catheters into blood vessels.
C
Less accurate than invasive methods in critically ill patients.