2
Florentine political philosopher (ca 1500) who argued that a ruler should not be judged by his "character" (which was traditional) but by the consequences of his actions. The "survival of the State," he argued, sometimes requires that "good" rulers use "bad" means, such as deception, murder and impiety. (p.394-5)
3
Portuguese explorer who discovered the all-water route to India (full name, p. 412)
5
By ca 1450, this development rendered the walls of castles and medieval towns obsolete. (It thereby seriously undermined the authority/benefit of the aristocratic lords of these places. p.413)
6
He invented the printing press (using movable type) ca 1450 AD. (p. 389)
8
Renaissance author who retold the famous "Song of Roland" as a story not of a hero but of a mad man. (p. 395
9
Early radical religious reformers in England (ca 1400 AD) who called for the end of sacraments of the Church claiming they were nothing more the shameful means to extort money from believers. They believed that reading the Bible in English was the only thing needed for salvation. (p. 384)
10
French Renaissance author wrote a novel called "Gargantua" about lusty, hungry giants that served as a satire of the religious hypocrisy and bigotry of the day. His famous saying was "Do what thou wilt." (p. 405)
13
His expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe (circle completely by water, p. 415)
14
Northern Italian intellectual ca 1350 who discovered a completely new manuscript of the Roman orator Cicero's Letters. He popularized the idea of "the Middle Ages" and was a tireless advocate for studying the classical Greek and Roman legacy. (p.364-5)
15
Religious reformer in England ca 1317 AD who urged the king to seize the church lands and wealth of corrupt clergy and find more pious replacements for them. He also commissioned an early translation of the Bible into English. (pp.383-4)
16
The goal of the humanistic education of the Renaissance in the Northern Italian city-states was to produce broadly educated and morally excellent __________ . (p.367)
17
Christian humanist scholar who produced more accurate critical edition of the New Testament in the original Greek, so others like Luther could translate it into their local vernacular languages. (p.404)
19
The Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453 relied on the effective use of this new military technology. (p.374)
20
Spaniard who conquered the Incas of Peru. (p.417-8)
21
Aristocratic families, trade and commerce and the military and government bureaucracy of the Ottoman empire relied heavily on the manpower of ____________. (p.372-3)
22
Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (p.415)
23
After a century of contact with Europeans, up to __________ percent of some native populations died from disease, massacre or being worked to death as slaves on enormous plantations. (p.421)
24
Spaniard who conquered the Aztecs of Mexico. (p.417)
25
Through his advanced knowledge of classical languages, he proved the key document authorizing Papal control over the secular State known as, "The Donation of Constantine," was in fact a late Medieval forgery. (p. 370)
26
His political philosophy book called "Utopia" portrayed the virtues of a simple island society as a critique of the England of his day (ca 1500 AD). He was beheaded (called a "martyr") for opposing King Henry's project to become the head of a separate (from the Pope) Church of England. (p.404)
27
In his famous treatise, "Oration on the Dignity of Man" this Renaissance philosopher in Florence, Italy viewed humans have having the intellectual and artistic ability to achieve unity with God. (p.390)
28
Ca 1475 AD in Florence Italy, he translated Plato's works into Latin. (p.390)
29
This new kind of paint that became widely available in the 1400's had the advantage that it dried slowly, thus allowing artists to work more slowly and carefully. (p.363)
30
Early religious reformer (ca 1400 AD) in Prague (Bohemia or Czech Republic) who demanded that all Christians (not just the clergy) receive both the bread and wine of the Eucharist. The Pope condemned his teachings and he was burned at the stake. (p. 385-6)
