On
the
one
hand
,
we
understand
____________________
as
the
study
of
the
physical
aspects
of
the
symbols
that
constitute
writing
systems
.
Its
unit
is
the
symbol
.
On
the
other
hand
,
____________________
is
the
study
of
the
linguistic
contrasts
that
writing
systems
convey
,
and
its
unit
is
the
grapheme
,
which
can
be
defined
as
the
smallest
contrastive
unit
in
a
writing
system
that
might
produce
a
change
in
meaning
.
Besides
,
____________________
is
the
set
of
symbols
used
to
write
a
language
,
as
well
as
the
set
of
rules
describing
how
to
write
correctly
(
including
spelling
,
punctuation
and
capitalization
)
.
It
also
includes
the
writing
system
of
a
language
.
Apart
from
this
,
it
is
worth
mentioning
that
there
are
several
types
of
writing
systems
among
which
we
find
on
the
one
hand
:
-
the
____________________
systems
:
which
show
a
clear
relationship
between
the
symbols
and
sounds
of
language
.
-
the
non
-
phonological
systems
:
which
do
not
show
a
clear
relationship
between
the
symbols
and
the
____________________
.
There
are
many
principal
reasons
for
the
discrepancy
between
the
written
representation
of
many
English
words
and
their
actual
____________________
.
The
first
thing
that
we
need
to
remember
is
that
English
is
a
mixture
of
many
languages
.
On
the
other
hand
,
reading
and
spelling
skills
which
are
connected
to
the
written
Word
are
needed
to
read
and
spell
successfully
.
Therefore
,
we
assume
that
,
in
order
to
be
good
readers
and
spellers
,
____________________
of
letters
is
needed
in
addition
to
knowledge
of
the
phonological
structure
.
According
to
Matthews
,
the
skills
that
students
should
acquire
regarding
the
witten
code
are
:
-
____________________
skills
:
writing
words
correctly
including
aspects
such
as
capitalization
,
punctuation
and
spelling
-
____________________
skills
:
the
ability
to
use
a
variety
of
sentence
patterns
and
constructions
-
____________________
skills
:
the
ability
to
express
precise
meaning
in
a
variety
of
styles
and
registers
-
____________________
skills
:
the
ability
to
use
cohesion
devices
in
order
to
link
parts
of
a
text
-
____________________
skills
:
writing
ideas
with
coherence
and
summarize
relevant
points
.
These
stages
must
be
followed
when
teaching
to
write
:
1
.
____________________
practice
:
copying
material
provided
by
the
teacher
is
of
great
pedagogical
value
because
it
helps
students
reinforce
spelling
and
sentence
structure
,
helping
them
to
retain
words
.
2
.
____________________
/
Guided
practice
:
-
Word
-
level
:
?
making
a
list
,
a
personal
dictionary
,
crosswords
,
matching
labels
to
pictures
,
anagrams
?
.
-
Sentence
-
level
:
?
writing
speech
bubbles
for
cartoons
,
sequencing
sentences
,
definitions
,
descriptions
?
.
-
Paragraphs
3
.
Free
____________________
:
students
will
be
encouraged
to
produce
writing
?
free
essays
,
compositions
?
.
This
stage
demands
sentence
and
text
structure
,
organizing
ideas
,
etc
.
When
selecting
writing
activities
to
practise
spelling
,
the
next
sequence
must
be
followed
:
Firstly
,
we
need
to
work
with
word
-
____________________
activities
.
In
this
stage
,
the
students
notice
the
shape
of
the
words
and
the
number
of
letters
so
they
can
make
a
mental
picture
of
it
.
Then
,
we
need
to
work
with
activities
at
____________________
level
.
In
this
stage
,
the
teacher
will
not
have
to
provide
the
students
with
the
words
they
need
,
they
will
think
about
the
spelling
of
words
by
themselves
.
After
that
,
we
need
to
work
with
activities
at
____________________
-
level
.
In
this
stage
,
students
will
write
the
words
they
need
and
also
will
work
with
given
sentences
doing
activities
like
writing
speech
bubbles
for
cartoons
,
sequencing
sentences
and
copying
and
correcting
mistakes
.
it
is
worth
mentioning
that
when
analysing
or
correcting
children´s
written
work
in
the
activities
,
it
is
very
important
to
have
a
clear
approach
towards
the
correction
of
mistakes
:
this
means
that
,
instead
of
trying
to
correct
every
single
mistake
,
it
is
wiser
to
focus
on
those
mistakes
that
are
really
important
to
achieve
____________________
of
the
whole
.
