Organisation

____________________ are the basic building blocks of all living organisms . A tissue is a group of ____________________ with a similar structure and ____________________ . Organs are aggregations of ____________________ performing specific functions . Organs are organised into organ ____________________ , which work together to form organisms .
Enzymes ____________________ specific reactions in living organisms due to the shape of their ____________________ site . The ? lock and ____________________ theory ? is a simplified model to explain enzyme action . Digestive ____________________ convert food into small ____________________ molecules that can be absorbed into the ____________________ . Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates to ____________________ sugars . Amylase is a carbohydrase which breaks down ____________________ . This is produced by the ____________________ glands , the pancreas and ____________________ intestine . Proteases break down ____________________ to ____________________ acids . This is produced by the ____________________ , pancreas and small intestine . Lipases break down lipids ( fats ) to ____________________ and ____________________ acids . This is produced by the ____________________ and small intestine . The products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates , lipids and proteins . Some glucose is used in ____________________ . Bile is made in the ____________________ and stored in the ____________________ bladder . It is ____________________ to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the ____________________ . It also emulsifies fat to form ____________________ droplets which increases the surface area . The alkaline conditions and ____________________ surface area increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase .
Benedict ? s test for ____________________ ( blue to ____________________ ) ; iodine test for ____________________ ( orange to ____________________ ) ; and ____________________ reagent for protein ( blue to ____________________ ) .
The heart is an organ that pumps ____________________ around the body in a ____________________ circulatory system . The right ventricle pumps blood to the ____________________ where gas exchange takes place . The ____________________ ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body . The blood vessels associated with the heart are the ____________________ , vena cava , ____________________ artery , pulmonary ____________________ and coronary arteries . Parts of the lungs include the ____________________ , bronchi , alveoli and the ____________________ network surrounding the alveoli . The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a ____________________ . Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the ____________________ rate . The body contains ____________________ different types of blood vessel : ? arteries ? veins ? capillaries .
Blood is a tissue consisting of ____________________ , in which the red blood cells , white blood cells and ____________________ are suspended .
In coronary heart disease layers of ____________________ material build up inside the coronary arteries , narrowing them . This reduces the flow of ____________________ through the coronary arteries , resulting in a lack of ____________________ for the heart muscle . Stents are used to keep the coronary arteries ____________________ . Statins are widely used to reduce blood ____________________ levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit . In some people heart ____________________ may become faulty , preventing the valve from opening fully , or the heart valve might develop a ____________________ . Students should understand the consequences of faulty valves . Faulty heart valves can be replaced using ____________________ or mechanical valves . In the case of heart failure a ____________________ heart , or heart and lungs can be transplanted . Artificial hearts are occasionally used to keep patients ____________________ whilst waiting for a heart transplant , or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery .
Health is the state of physical and ____________________ well - being . Diseases , both ____________________ and non - communicable , are major causes of ill health . Other factors including diet , ____________________ and life situations may have a profound effect on both physical and mental health . Different types of disease may interact . ? Defects in the ____________________ system mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from infectious diseases . ? ____________________ living in cells can be the trigger for cancers . ? Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin ____________________ and asthma . ? Severe physical ill health can lead to ____________________ and other mental illness .
Risk factors are linked to an increased rate of a disease . They can be : ? aspects of a person ? s lifestyle ? substances in the person ? s body or environment . A causal mechanism has been proven for some risk factors , but not in others . ? The effects of diet , ____________________ and exercise on cardiovascular disease . ? Obesity as a risk factor for Type ____________________ diabetes . ? The effect of alcohol on the ____________________ and brain function . ? The effect of smoking on lung disease and ____________________ cancer . ? The effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies . ? Carcinogens , including ionising radiation , as risk factors in ____________________ . Many diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors .
Cancer is the result of changes in cells that lead to ____________________ growth and division . ____________________ tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area , usually within a membrane . They do not ____________________ other parts of the body . ____________________ tumour cells are cancers . They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the ____________________ where they form ____________________ tumours .
Plant tissues include : ? epidermal tissues ? palisade mesophyll ? spongy mesophyll ? ____________________ and phloem ? ____________________ tissue found at the growing tips of shoots and roots . The leaf is a plant organ . Knowledge limited to epidermis , palisade and spongy mesophyll , xylem and phloem , and ____________________ cells surrounding stomata .
The roots , stem and leaves form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant . Students should be able to describe the process of ____________________ and translocation , including the structure and function of the stomata . Root ____________________ cells are adapted for the efficient uptake of water by ____________________ , and mineral ions by ____________________ transport . Xylem tissue transports ____________________ and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves . It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin adapted for the transport of water in the ____________________ stream . The role of stomata and guard cells are to control ____________________ exchange and water loss . Phloem tissue transports dissolved ____________________ from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or ____________________ . The movement of food molecules through phloem tissue is called ____________________ . ____________________ is composed of tubes of elongated cells . Cell sap can move from one phloem cell to the next through pores in the end walls .