Qualitative Impoverishment
Quantitative Impoverishment
The reason why TTs tend to be longer than STs; involves empty explicitation that unshapes rhythm and overtranslation. Tends to reduce the clarity of the work's voice.
Clarification
The way translation tends to erase traces of different forms of language that co-exist in the ST, i.e. the mix of American English and varieties of Latin American Spanish in the work of Latino/a writers.
Destruction of underlying networks of signification
Destruction of vernacular networks
Rhythm is important to the novel and can be 'destroyed' by deformation of word order and punctuation.
The replacement of words/phrases with TT equivalents that do not have the 'sonorous richness' or 'iconic features' of the original.
The ST may be systematic in its sentence constructions and patternings, while the translation tends to be 'asystematic'. Translator techniques often standardize the TT, which destroy the linguistic patterns of the original.
Expansion
There is a network of words formed throughout a ST. The translator must be aware that while individually these words may not be significant, together they add an underlying uniformity and sense to the text.
Berman considers the replacement of an idiom or proverb by its TL 'equivalent' to be an 'ethnocentrism': 'to play with "equivalence" is to attack the discourse of the foreign work'.
an attempt to make clear what does not wish to be clear in the ST
The loss of lexical variation in translation.
Entails the modification of syntactic structures including punctuation and sentence structure and order.
Destruction of Expressions and Idioms
This refers to the tendency of some translators to 'improve' on the original by rewriting it in a more elegant style.
Effacement of the Superimposition of Languages
The Destruction of Rhythms
Ennoblement
Destruction of Linguistic Patternings
An example of this would be the Australian English terms 'outback', 'bush', 'dingo', and 'wombat'. There is a loss if these terms are erased and it would be ridiculous to try and find TL replacements for them.
Rationalization
