common cause relationship
accidental relationship
reverse cause and effect relationship accidental relationship presumed relationship
extraneous variables
hidden variables
control group
experimental group
presumed relationship
cause and effect relationship
they receive the treatment being tested
A correlation exists without any causal relationship between variables.
A correlation doesn’t appear to be accidental even though there is no apparent cause and effect or common cause relationship.
Extraneous variables that are difficult to recognize. May invalidate conclusions drawn from statistical results.
Variables that affect either the dependent or the independent variable and are NOT predictable.
they do not receive the treatment by the researchers and are used as to compare against the group that does receive the treatment
An external variable causes two variables to change the same way.
The presumed dependent and independent variables are reversed in the process of determining causality. (Y causes X). A correlation exists without any causal relationship between variables. A correlation doesn’t appear to be accidental even though there is no apparent cause and effect or common cause relationship.
A change in X produces a change in Y.
