1
__________ includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers—for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.
2
Evidence supported by reason, tradition, and precedent.
3
Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.
4
Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.
5
Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).
6
Developed by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, ____________ are based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.
7
An argument that is not absolute. It acknowledges the merits of an opposing view, but develops a stronger case for its own position.
8
In the Toulmin model, a _________ explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.
9
A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a ________ often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. One of the stages in classical oration, usually following the confirmation, or proof, and preceding the conclusion, or peroration.
10
A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker, and Tone. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.
11
In the Toulmin model, the _________ uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim a bit, making it less absolute.
12
Aristotle defined as “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.” In other words, it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.
13
The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.
14
In the Toulmin model, _________ gives voice to possible objections.
15
A figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using the words like, as, or as though.
16
The goal the speaker wants to achieve.
17
Artful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words. Common schemes include parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole.
