Every
human
____________________
to
have
to
hunt
or
gather
to
survive
.
But
humans
are
smart
-
ly
lazy
____________________
we
made
tools
to
make
our
work
easier
.
From
sticks
,
to
plows
to
tractors
we've
gone
from
everyone
needing
to
make
food
to
,
modern
agriculture
with
almost
no
____________________
needing
to
make
food
?
and
yet
we
____________________
have
abundance
.
Of
course
,
it's
not
just
farming
,
it's
____________________
.
We've
spent
the
last
several
thousand
years
building
tools
to
reduce
physical
labor
of
all
kinds
.
These
are
mechanical
muscles
?
stronger
,
more
reliable
,
and
more
tireless
____________________
human
muscles
could
ever
be
.
And
that's
a
good
thing
.
Replacing
human
labor
with
mechanical
muscles
frees
people
to
specialize
and
that
leaves
____________________
better
off
even
though
still
doing
physical
labor
.
This
is
how
economies
grow
and
standards
of
living
rise
.
Some
people
have
specialized
to
be
programmers
and
engineers
whose
job
is
to
build
mechanical
minds
.
Just
as
mechanical
muscles
made
human
labor
less
in
demand
so
are
mechanical
minds
making
human
brain
labor
less
in
demand
.
This
is
an
economic
revolution
.
You
may
think
we've
____________________
here
before
,
but
we
haven't
.
This
time
is
different
.
Physical
Labor
When
you
think
of
automation
,
you
____________________
think
of
this
:
giant
,
custom
-
built
,
expensive
,
efficient
but
really
dumb
robots
blind
to
the
world
and
____________________
own
work
.
There
were
a
scary
kind
of
automation
but
they
haven't
taken
over
the
world
because
they're
____________________
cost
effective
in
narrow
situations
.
But
they
are
the
old
kind
of
automation
,
this
is
the
new
kind
.
Meet
Baxter
.
Unlike
these
things
____________________
require
skilled
operators
and
technicians
and
millions
of
dollars
,
Baxter
has
vision
and
can
learn
what
you
want
him
to
do
by
watching
you
do
it
.
And
he
costs
____________________
than
the
average
annual
salary
of
a
human
worker
.
____________________
his
older
brothers
he
isn't
pre
-
programmed
for
one
specific
job
,
he
can
do
whatever
work
is
within
the
reach
of
his
arms
.
Baxter
is
what
might
be
thought
of
as
a
general
purpose
robot
and
general
purpose
is
a
big
deal
.
Think
computers
,
they
too
started
out
as
highly
custom
and
highly
expensive
,
but
____________________
cheap
-
ish
general
-
purpose
computers
appeared
they
quickly
became
vital
to
everything
.
A
general
-
purpose
computer
can
just
as
easily
calculate
change
or
assign
seats
on
an
airplane
or
play
a
game
or
do
____________________
by
just
swapping
its
software
.
And
this
huge
demand
for
computers
of
all
kinds
is
what
makes
them
both
more
powerful
and
cheaper
____________________
year
.
Baxter
today
is
the
computer
in
the
1980s
.
He's
not
the
apex
but
the
beginning
.
Even
____________________
Baxter
is
slow
his
hourly
cost
is
pennies
worth
of
electricity
while
his
meat
-
based
competition
costs
minimum
wage
.
A
tenth
the
speed
is
still
cost
effective
when
it's
a
hundred
times
cheaper
.
And
____________________
Baxtor
isn't
as
smart
as
some
of
the
other
things
we
will
talk
about
,
he's
smart
____________________
to
take
over
many
low
-
skill
jobs
.
And
we've
____________________
seen
how
dumber
robots
than
Baxter
can
replace
jobs
.
In
new
supermarkets
what
used
to
be
30
humans
is
now
one
human
overseeing
30
cashier
robots
.
Or
the
hundreds
of
thousand
baristas
employed
world
-
wide
?
There's
a
barista
robot
coming
for
them
.
Sure
____________________
your
guy
makes
your
double
-
mocha
-
whatever
just
perfect
and
you'd
never
trust
____________________
else
-
-
but
millions
of
people
don't
care
and
just
want
a
decent
cup
of
coffee
.
Oh
and
by
the
way
this
robot
is
____________________
a
giant
network
of
robots
that
remembers
who
you
are
and
how
you
like
your
coffee
no
matter
where
you
are
.
Pretty
convenient
.
We
think
of
technological
change
as
the
fancy
new
expensive
____________________
,
but
the
real
change
comes
from
last
decade's
stuff
getting
cheaper
and
faster
.
That's
what's
happening
to
robots
now
.
And
because
their
mechanical
minds
are
capable
of
decision
making
they
are
out
-
competing
humans
for
jobs
in
a
way
no
pure
mechanical
muscle
ever
____________________
.
