The
word
____________________
comes
from
the
Latin
for
the
"
study
of
the
soul
.
"
And
while
its
formal
definition
has
evolved
over
the
last
several
decades
,
today
we
can
safely
call
it
the
science
of
____________________
and
____________________
.
This
term
wasn't
coined
until
around
the
turn
of
the
sixteenth
century
,
and
the
practice
that
we
would
actually
call
science
today
wasn't
established
until
the
mid
-
1800's
.
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
The
science
got
its
start
in
1879
in
Germany
when
physician
____________________
set
up
the
first
psychology
laboratory
at
the
University
of
Leipzig
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
He
and
his
student
Edward
Bradford
Titchener
took
cues
from
chemists
and
physicists
and
argued
that
if
those
people
could
break
down
all
matter
into
simple
elements
or
structures
,
why
couldn't
they
do
the
same
for
the
brain
?
They
tried
to
understand
the
structures
of
consciousness
by
getting
patients
to
look
inward
,
asking
them
how
they
felt
when
they
watched
the
sun
set
,
or
smelled
a
coffee
.
Titchener
named
this
approach
____________________
,
but
despite
its
rigid
sounding
name
,
it
really
relied
so
much
on
introspection
that
it
became
too
subjective
.
I
mean
,
you
may
sense
and
feel
something
different
than
I
do
.
Psychologists
,
of
course
,
can't
actually
observe
a
patient's
inner
thoughts
or
feelings
,
so
ultimately
,
this
school
of
thought
was
fairly
short
-
lived
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
By
contrast
,
American
physician
and
philosopher
____________________
proposed
a
different
set
of
questions
,
focusing
on
why
we
think
and
feel
and
smell
.
This
approach
,
____________________
,
was
based
on
Charles
Darwin's
idea
that
adaptive
behaviors
are
conserved
throughout
the
evolutionary
process
.
He
published
his
seminal
bookin
1890
,
defining
this
science
as
the
science
of
mental
life
.
-
-
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-
____________________
was
one
of
the
most
tremendously
influential
and
controversial
thinkers
of
his
time
,
maybe
of
all
time
.
His
theories
helped
build
our
views
on
childhood
,
personality
,
dreams
and
sexuality
.
And
his
work
fueled
a
legacy
of
both
support
and
opposition
.
He
began
his
medical
career
at
a
Viennese
hospital
,
but
in
1886
,
he
started
his
own
practice
,
specializing
in
nervous
disorders
.
During
this
time
,
he
witnessed
his
colleague
Josef
Breuer
treat
a
patient
called
Anna
O
with
a
new
talking
cure
.
Basically
,
he
just
let
her
talk
about
her
symptoms
.
The
more
she
talked
and
pulled
up
traumatic
memories
,
the
more
her
symptoms
were
reduced
.
It
was
a
breakthrough
,
and
it
changed
him
forever
.
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-
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-
From
then
on
,
he
encouraged
his
patients
to
talk
freely
about
whatever
came
to
mind
,
to
free
associate
.
This
technique
provided
the
basis
for
his
career
,
and
an
entire
branch
of
the
science
.
In
1900
he
published
his
book
The
Interpretation
of
Dreams
,
where
he
introduced
his
theory
of
____________________
.
A
radical
kernel
of
it
was
the
theory
that
our
personalities
are
shaped
by
unconscious
motives
.
Basically
he
suggested
that
we're
all
profoundly
affected
by
mental
processes
that
we're
not
even
aware
of
.
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-
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-
-
But
the
other
important
part
of
this
scientist's
theory
was
that
the
unconscious
,
literally
the
thing
below
consciousness
,
was
still
discoverable
.
Even
though
you
weren't
aware
of
it
,
you
could
come
to
understand
it
through
a
therapeutic
technique
that
used
dreams
,
projections
and
free
association
to
root
out
repressed
feelings
and
and
gain
self
-
insight
.
So
what
he
was
really
saying
was
that
mental
disorders
could
be
healed
through
talk
therapy
and
self
-
discovery
.
And
this
was
a
really
big
breakthrough
.
Because
prior
to
this
,
people
with
mental
illnesses
would
be
confined
to
sanatoriums
and
at
best
given
menial
labor
to
do
and
at
worst
,
shackled
to
a
bed
frame
.
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-
The
next
big
shake
-
up
rolled
in
during
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century
when
a
new
approach
to
the
science
gained
a
higher
profile
.
Scientists
like
____________________
,
were
key
players
here
.
They
focused
on
the
study
of
observable
behavior
.
You
may
remember
____________________
as
the
dude
who
put
rats
and
pigeons
and
babies
in
boxes
and
conditioned
them
to
perform
certain
behaviors
.
Ushering
in
the
era
of
____________________
which
remained
all
the
rage
well
into
the
1960s
.
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-
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-
The
other
major
force
at
the
time
was
,
the
Viennese
scientist's
approach
of
course
,
and
its
many
descendents
collectively
known
as
the
____________________
theories
.
These
focused
on
the
importance
of
early
experiences
in
shaping
the
unconsciousness
and
how
that
process
affects
our
thoughts
,
feelings
,
behaviors
,
and
personalities
.
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-
By
the
mid
-
20th
century
,
other
major
forces
in
the
science
were
also
brewing
-
-
schools
we'll
explore
later
in
this
course
including
____________________
,
which
focuses
on
nurturing
personal
growth
;
____________________
and
neuroscience
,
all
of
which
contributed
their
own
unique
takes
on
the
study
of
mind
.
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-
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-
Because
again
,
the
point
I
really
want
you
to
take
home
is
that
the
science
is
an
____________________
science
.
Yes
,
folks
still
get
grumpy
and
disagree
plenty
,
but
the
essence
of
the
discipline
has
everything
to
do
with
creating
different
ways
of
asking
interesting
questions
and
attempting
to
answer
them
through
all
kinds
of
data
-
gathering
methods
.
The
human
mind
is
complicated
.
There
is
no
single
way
to
effectively
crack
it
open
;
it
must
be
pried
at
from
all
sides
.
