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1. Nonpharmacotherapy: Lifestyle modifications used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease include the following
2. Pharmacotherapy: The following medications are used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease:
3. Surgical option: Indications for fundoplication include the following:

Elevating the head of the bed 8 inches

Antacids (eg, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide)

Poor patient compliance with medications

Avoiding alcohol, chocolate, citrus juice, and tomato-based products

H2 receptor antagonists (eg, ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine)

Patients with well-controlled reflux disease who desire definitive, one-time treatment

The presence of extraesophageal manifestations

Patients with symptoms that are not completely controlled by proton pump inhibitors

Young patients

Avoiding bending or stooping positions

Losing weight (if overweight)

The presence of Barrett esophagus

Proton pump inhibitors (eg, omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole)

Refraining from ingesting food (except liquids) within 3 hours of bedtime

Waiting 3 hours after a meal to lie down

Prokinetic agents (eg, aluminum hydroxide)

Eating small, frequent meals rather than large meals