Complete blood count: Leukocytosis
Urinalysis: Pyuria or bacteriuria (50%); urine culture indicated for prepubertal and elderly patients
Cystourethroscopy
Scrotal exploration or aspiration
Abdominal/pelvic ultrasonography
Retrograde urethrography
In tuberculous epididymitis, chest radiography, computed tomography, or excretory urography
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Radionuclide scanning and scintigraphy
The use of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to differentiate epididymitis from other causes of acute scrotum is under investigation
Performance of (or referral for) syphilis and HIV testing in patients with a sexually transmitted etiology
Gram stain of urethral discharge, if present
Urethral culture, nucleic acid hybridization, and nucleic acid amplification tests to facilitate detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
