Five Instrumental MethodsOnline version This activity covers Chapter 1, which is basic facts about FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, NMR, chromatography, and mass spectrometry. by Heather Holmes 1 NMR 2 Separations 3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 5 Mass Spectrometry This method gives information about how atoms are connected to one another in a molecule. This method uses electromagnetic radiation in the radiofrequency range. This method reflects how "shielded" atoms in a molecule are. In this method, peak splitting reflects the number of adjacent atoms. Instrumentation of this type is expensive ($250,000 plus $10,000 to $20,000 per year for upkeep and maintenance). This analysis type includes many methods, both instrumental and non-instrumental. This method isolates analytes from complex mixtures. This method must be coupled with another instrument or met hod. Instruments of this type can be configured with many different types of detectors. The cost of this instrumentation varies significantly based on the type of detector that is combined with the instrument. This method gives information based on bond vibrational frequencies. This method uses electromagnetic radiation of 8,000 - 1,000,000 nm to make measurements. The spectra from this method contain narrow peaks that give information about the types of bonds and functional groups present in a molecule. Spectra from this method contain a “fingerprint region” that can be used to help identify a molecule. his method gives information based on electronic transitions in molecules. This method uses electromagnetic radiation from 200 - 900 nm to make measurements. The spectra from this method contain very few peaks, often only one. Peaks are broad because of vibrational transitions within molecules. Instrumentation of this type has a relatively low - end cost. A basic instrument is approximately $3,000, and a research - grade instrument is approximately $10,000. This instrument type distinguishes analytes based on their mass-to-charge ratios. This method is often used to determine molar mass. Neutral analytes must be ionized prior to analysis using this method. This method can generate a fragmentation pattern that is related to molecular structure. This method can distinguish atomic isotopes. The cost of this instrumentation depends on whether it is purchased as a stand - alone instrument, or as an integral component of a different instrument.
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