end to the first Russian state
Alexander Nevsky defeats a German invading army
William of Normandy invaded England, defeating King Harold in the Battle of Hastings
The reign of Henry II of England begins, strengthening the English monarch
The reign of Henry II ends
King John puts his seal on the Magna Carta
The Pope and Italian cities defeat Frederick I of Germany
Philip II Augustus begins his reign of France
Philip IV (The Fair) begins his rule of France
Philip the Fair's rule ends
Philip II Augustus' rein ends
Christian missionaries Cyril and Methodius begin missionary activities with the Slavic peoples
The last Carolingian king dies. Hugh Capet becomes king
Death of Charlemagne
Vikings are granted land near the Seine River creating the region of France: Normandy
