Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the Blanks: Exploring Abnormal PsychologyOnline version
Test your knowledge of abnormal psychology concepts and terminology!
Abnormal
Psychology
is
defined
in
various
ways
by
psychologists
.
Fundamentally
,
it
involves
the
study
of
behaviors
and
mental
disorders
that
are
considered
atypical
or
from
societal
norms
.
However
,
norms
are
not
static
;
they
change
and
evolve
,
as
do
of
what
constitutes
"
normal
"
or
"
abnormal
.
"
Furthermore
,
definitions
of
societal
norms
often
do
not
for
the
cultural
practices
and
values
of
populations
,
which
can
result
in
restrictive
and
problematic
categorizations
of
what
is
deemed
"
abnormal
.
"
According
to
the
American
Psychological
Association
,
abnormal
psychology
is
the
study
of
mental
pathology
underlying
the
symptomatology
of
psychiatric
disorders
.
This
field
can
be
categorized
into
general
abnormal
psychology
,
which
examines
symptoms
to
multiple
disorders
,
and
specialized
abnormal
,
which
focuses
on
symptoms
to
specific
conditions
.
To
comprehend
properly
what
abnormal
behavior
is
?
,
it
is
essential
to
first
define
what
constitutes
normal
behavior
.
The
concept
of
being
is
and
varies
according
to
individual
.
Many
psychologists
have
observed
that
it
is
often
easier
to
and
deviations
or
abnormalities
in
than
to
define
what
is
inherently
"
right
.
"
Psychology
worked
with
the
disease
model
for
over
60
years
,
from
about
the
late
into
the
middle
part
of
the
19th
century
.
The
focus
was
simple
?
curing
mental
disorders
?
and
included
such
pioneers
as
Freud
,
Adler
,
Klein
,
Jung
,
and
Erickson
.
These
names
are
synonymous
with
the
psychoanalytical
school
of
thought
.
In
the
1930s
,
behaviorism
,
under
B
.
F
.
Skinner
,
presented
a
new
view
of
human
behavior
.
Simply
,
human
behavior
could
be
if
the
correct
combination
of
and
punishments
were
used
.
This
viewpoint
espoused
the
dominant
worldview
of
the
time
?
?
which
presented
the
world
as
a
great
machine
explained
through
the
principles
of
and
chemistry
.
In
it
,
human
beings
serve
as
smaller
machines
in
the
larger
machine
of
the
universe
.
Moving
into
the
mid
to
late
1900s
,
we
developed
a
more
scientific
investigation
of
mental
illness
,
which
allowed
us
to
the
roles
of
both
and
and
to
develop
drug
and
psychological
treatments
to
"
make
miserable
people
less
miserable
.
"
Though
this
was
an
improvement
,
there
were
three
consequences
as
pointed
out
by
Martin
Seligman
in
his
2008
TED
Talk
entitled
,
"
The
new
era
of
positive
psychology
.
"
These
are
:
?
"
The
first
was
;
that
psychologists
and
psychiatrists
became
,
pathologizers
;
that
our
view
of
human
nature
was
that
if
you
were
in
trouble
,
bricks
fell
on
you
.
And
we
forgot
that
people
made
choices
and
decisions
.
We
forgot
.
That
was
the
first
cost
.
"
?
"
The
second
cost
was
that
we
forgot
about
you
people
.
We
forgot
about
normal
lives
.
We
forgot
about
a
mission
to
make
relatively
people
happier
,
more
,
more
productive
.
And
"
genius
,
"
"
high
-
talent
,
"
became
a
dirty
word
.
No
one
works
on
that
.
"
U
C
And
the
third
problem
about
the
disease
model
is
,
in
our
to
do
something
about
people
in
trouble
,
in
our
rush
to
do
something
about
damage
,
it
never
occurred
to
us
to
develop
interventions
to
make
people
happier
?
.
"
Starting
in
the
1960s
,
figures
such
as
Abraham
Maslow
and
Carl
Rogers
sought
to
overcome
the
of
psychoanalysis
and
behaviorism
by
establishing
a
"
third
force
"
psychology
,
also
known
as
humanistic
psychology
.
As
Maslow
said
,
The
Science
of
Psychology
has
been
far
more
successful
on
the
than
on
the
positive
side
;
it
has
revealed
to
us
much
about
man
?
s
,
his
illnesses
,
his
,
but
little
about
his
potentialities
,
his
virtues
,
his
achievable
aspirations
,
or
his
full
psychological
height
.
It
is
as
if
psychology
had
voluntarily
restricted
itself
to
only
half
its
rightful
jurisdiction
,
and
that
the
darker
,
meaner
.
(
Maslow
,
1954
,
p
.
354
)
.
Humanistic
psychology
instead
addressed
the
full
range
of
human
functioning
and
focused
on
personal
fulfillment
,
valuing
over
intellect
,
,
a
belief
in
human
perfectibility
,
emphasis
on
the
,
self
-
disclosure
,
self
-
actualization
,
positive
regard
,
client
centered
,
and
the
hierarchy
of
needs
.
Again
,
thes
e
In
1996
,
Martin
Seligman
became
the
president
of
the
American
Psychological
Association
(
APA
)
and
called
for
a
psychology
or
one
that
had
a
more
positive
conception
of
human
potential
and
.
Building
on
Maslow
and
Roger
?
s
work
,
he
ushered
in
the
scientific
study
of
such
topics
as
,
love
,
hope
,
optimism
,
life
satisfaction
,
goal
setting
,
leisure
,
and
subjective
well
-
being
.
Though
positive
and
humanistic
psychology
have
similarities
,
their
methodology
was
much
different
.
While
humanistic
psychology
generally
on
qualitative
methods
,
positive
psychology
utilizes
a
approach
and
aims
to
help
people
make
the
most
out
of
life
?
s
setbacks
,
relate
well
to
others
,
find
fulfillment
in
,
and
find
meaning
and
So
,
to
understand
what
normal
is
,
do
we
look
to
positive
psychology
for
an
,
or
do
we
first
define
abnormal
behavior
and
then
engineer
a
definition
of
what
normal
is
?
Our
preceding
discussion
gave
suggestions
about
what
normal
behavior
is
,
but
could
the
elements
of
our
personality
also
make
up
what
is
normal
to
some
extent
?
Possibly
.
The
truth
is
that
no
matter
what
we
display
,
if
taken
to
the
,
it
can
become
?
whether
trying
to
control
others
through
influence
or
helping
people
in
an
fashion
.
As
such
,
we
can
consider
abnormal
behavior
to
be
a
combination
of
personal
,
psychological
dysfunction
,
deviance
from
social
norms
,
to
self
and
others
,
and
to
society
.
In
the
previous
section
we
showed
that
what
we
might
consider
normal
behavior
is
to
define
.
Equally
challenging
is
understanding
what
abnormal
behavior
is
,
which
may
be
surprising
to
you
.
A
publication
which
you
will
become
intimately
familiar
with
throughout
this
book
,
the
American
Psychiatric
Association
?
s
Diagnostic
and
Statistical
Manual
of
Mental
Disorders
5th
edition
(
DSM
-
5
)
,
states
that
though
"
no
definition
can
capture
all
aspects
of
all
disorders
in
the
range
contained
in
the
DSM
-
5
"
certain
aspects
are
required
.
These
include
:
?
Dysfunction
?
Includes
"
clinically
significant
in
an
individual
?
s
,
emotion
regulation
,
or
behavior
that
reflects
a
dysfunction
in
the
psychological
,
,
or
developmental
processes
underlying
functioning
"
(
pg
.
20
)
.
Abnormal
behavior
,
therefore
,
has
the
to
make
well
-
being
difficult
to
obtain
and
can
be
by
looking
at
an
individual
?
s
current
and
comparing
it
to
what
is
expected
in
general
or
how
the
person
has
in
the
past
.
As
such
,
a
good
employee
who
suddenly
demonstrates
performance
may
be
experiencing
an
environmental
demand
leading
to
an
d
ineffective
coping
mechanisms
.
Once
the
demand
resolves
itself
,
the
person
?
s
performance
should
return
to
normal
according
to
this
principle
.
?
Distress
?
When
the
person
experiences
a
condition
"
in
social
,
occupational
,
or
other
important
activities
"
(
pg
.
20
)
.
Distress
can
take
the
form
of
psychological
or
physical
,
or
both
concurrently
.
Alone
though
,
distress
is
not
enough
to
describe
behavior
as
abnormal
.
Why
is
that
?
The
loss
of
a
loved
one
would
cause
even
the
most
"
normally
"
functioning
individual
pain
.
An
athlete
who
experiences
a
career
-
ending
injury
would
display
as
well
.
is
part
of
life
and
cannot
be
avoided
.
And
some
people
who
exhibit
abnormal
behavior
are
generally
while
doing
so
.
?
Deviance
?
examination
of
the
word
abnormal
indicates
a
from
what
is
normal
,
or
the
mean
(
i
.
e
.
,
what
would
be
considered
and
in
this
case
in
relation
to
behavior
)
,
and
so
is
behavior
that
infrequently
occurs
(
sort
of
an
outlier
in
our
data
)
.
Our
culture
,
or
the
of
socially
transmitted
behaviors
,
customs
,
values
,
technology
,
attitudes
,
beliefs
,
art
,
and
other
products
that
are
particular
to
a
group
,
determines
what
is
.
Thus
,
a
person
is
said
to
be
when
he
or
she
fails
to
follow
the
stated
and
rules
of
society
,
called
social
norms
.
Social
norms
over
time
due
to
shifts
in
accepted
values
and
expectations
.
For
instance
,
was
in
the
U
.
S
.
just
a
few
decades
ago
,
but
today
,
it
is
accepted
.
Likewise
,
PDAs
,
or
public
displays
of
affection
,
do
not
cause
a
second
look
by
most
people
unlike
the
past
when
these
outward
expressions
of
love
were
restricted
to
the
privacy
of
one
?
s
own
house
or
bedroom
.
In
the
U
.
S
.
,
is
generally
seen
as
a
for
males
.
However
,
if
the
behavior
occurs
in
the
context
of
a
tragedy
such
as
the
Vegas
mass
shooting
on
October
1
,
2017
,
in
which
58
people
were
killed
and
about
500
were
wounded
while
attending
the
Route
91
Harvest
Festival
,
then
it
is
appropriate
and
understandable
.
Finally
,
consider
that
statistically
deviant
behavior
is
not
necessarily
negative
.
Genius
is
an
example
of
behavior
that
is
the
norm
.
Though
not
part
of
the
conceptualization
of
what
abnormal
behavior
is
,
many
clinicians
add
dangerousness
to
this
list
when
represents
a
to
the
safety
of
the
person
or
others
.
It
is
important
to
note
that
having
a
mental
disorder
does
not
imply
a
person
is
automatically
.
The
depressed
or
anxious
individual
is
often
a
threat
than
someone
who
is
not
depressed
,
and
as
Hiday
and
Burns
(
2010
)
showed
,
dangerousness
is
mor
e
the
exception
than
the
rule
.
Still
,
mental
health
have
a
duty
to
report
to
law
enforcement
when
a
mentally
disordered
individual
expresses
intent
to
another
person
or
themselves
.
It
is
important
to
point
out
that
people
seen
as
dangerous
are
also
not
automatically
ill
.
The
Costs
of
Mental
Illness
This
leads
us
to
wonder
what
the
of
mental
illness
is
to
society
.
The
National
Alliance
on
Mental
Illness
(
NAMI
)
indicates
that
is
the
number
one
cause
of
across
the
world
"
and
is
a
major
contributor
to
the
global
burden
of
disease
.
"
Serious
mental
illness
costs
the
United
States
an
estimated
$193
billion
in
lost
earnings
each
year
.
They
also
point
out
that
is
the
10th
leading
cause
of
death
in
the
U
.
S
.
,
and
90%
of
those
who
die
due
to
suicide
have
an
underlying
mental
illness
.
Regarding
children
and
teens
,
37%
of
students
with
a
mental
disorder
age
14
and
older
drop
out
of
school
,
which
is
the
highest
dropout
rate
of
any
disability
group
,
and
70%
of
youth
in
state
and
local
justice
systems
have
at
least
one
mental
disorder
.
The
costs
for
mental
illness
are
than
the
combined
costs
of
cancer
,
diabetes
,
and
respiratory
disorders
(
Whiteford
et
al
.
,
2013
)
.
And
finally
,
"
The
Social
Security
Administration
reports
that
in
2012
,
2
.
6
and
2
.
7
million
people
under
age
65
with
a
mental
illness
-
related
disability
received
SSI
and
SSDI
payments
,
respectively
,
which
represents
43
and
27
percent
of
the
total
number
of
people
receiving
such
support
,
respectively
"
Our
discussion
so
far
has
concerned
what
normal
and
abnormal
behavior
is
.
We
saw
that
the
study
of
normal
behavior
falls
under
the
of
positive
psychology
.
Similarly
,
the
scientific
study
of
abnormal
behavior
,
with
the
intent
to
be
able
to
predict
reliably
,
explain
,
,
identify
the
causes
of
,
and
treat
behavior
,
is
what
we
refer
to
as
abnormal
psychology
.
Abnormal
behavior
can
become
and
has
led
to
the
scientific
study
of
psychological
disorders
,
or
psychopathology
.
From
our
previous
discussion
we
can
fashion
the
following
definition
of
a
psychological
or
mental
disorder
:
mental
disorders
are
characterized
by
psychological
,
which
causes
physical
and
/
or
psychological
distress
or
functioning
,
and
is
an
expected
behavior
according
to
societal
or
standards
.
?
Abnormal
behavior
is
a
combination
of
personal
distress
,
psychological
dysfunction
,
deviance
from
social
norms
,
dangerousness
to
and
others
,
and
costliness
to
society
.
?
Abnormal
psychology
is
the
scientific
of
abnormal
behavior
,
with
the
intent
to
be
able
to
predict
,
explain
,
,
identify
the
causes
of
,
and
treat
maladaptive
behavior
.
?
The
study
of
psychological
disorders
is
called
.
?
Mental
disorders
are
characterized
by
psychological
dysfunction
,
which
causes
physical
and
/
or
psychological
distress
or
functioning
,
and
is
not
an
behavior
according
to
societal
or
cultural
standards
.
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