1
Yedoma – carbon-rich Ice Complex – is ...................-age permafrost (formed during last Ice Age) that contains a significant amount of organic material with ice content of 50 to 90% by volume.
2
In the Northern .............., regions in which permafrost occurs occupy approximately 25% (23 million km²) of the land area.
3
Palsas are found in areas with discontinuous ............................. mostly in the circumpolar areas of the Northern Hemisphere: northern Canada and Alaska, Siberia, northern Fennoscandia and Iceland.
4
As the cryoconite absorbs solar .................. and promotes ice melting beneath it, the cylindrical holes are formed (only during summer).
5
Open system pingos have an open conduit that supplies ......... water.
6
....... stakes are wooden or metal poles, immersed to a depth of a few meters in the ice.
7
Sea water contains dissolved salts, therefore its freezing point is below 0 ° C (for .................... 35 o/oo the freezing point is minus 1.91 ° C
8
A frost quake (cryoseism) occurs when the ground is saturated with water, specifically the soil layer at the surface, and then a rapid ................... takes place.
9
Debris-covered ............. are extensive and common in mountainous regions such as Himalayas, Pamir, Caucasus Mountains, Alaska, Alps, and Southern Alps in New Zealand.
10
Acicular ice consists of numerous, long, needlelike ........ and hollow tubes with layered arrangement.
11
Glacial earthquakes originate from massive breakup of ice (intense .............. events), primarily in Greenland or Antarctica.
12
Cryoturbation is an important process in the active layer of permafrost, in which different materials from different layers of soil mix through each other, due to constant ........... and freezing.
13
In areas with warmer summers, the ................. layer is thicker (about 2.5 metres in Yakutsk, Russia).
14
Frost flowers are almost three times saltier than sea water, because as they form, a process called ....................rejection forces salt out of the porous sea ice, and up into the flowers.
