Wrong Ending: The proof fails to lead to the conclusion
Tautology : Repeating the argument as the conclusion.
False Choice : The number of choices given is not the number of choices that actually exist.
Ignorance as Proof : Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.
Bad example: The example used is false, irrelevant, or misinterpreted.
Red Herring : Distracts the audience to make them forget the main issue.
False Comparison : Comparing one thing to another that is not really related.
7) Ex: The sun rises after a rooster crows, therefore the sun rises because of the rooster's crowing
3) Ex. A doctor cannot tell someone they are in perfect health because there could be something they didn’t test for yet.
2) Ex. Hiring someone from Yale and they do well, then irrationally hiring another person from Yale
4) Ex. Saying “you can trust our candidate because he is an innocent man"
5) Ex. A lawyer may try to sue a motorcycle helmet company because his client got into an accident while speeding, drinking, and texting but only reduce the accident to one cause; the malfunctioning helmet
6) Ex: “You may think that he cheated on the test, but look at the poor little thing! How would he feel if you made him sit through it again?”
1) Ex: Lemonade has significantly less sodium than the leading potato chip.
