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Deep tillage to bury residue, followed by shallow tillage to smooth

Organic Matter

Topsoil

Humus

Light tillage to mix up and move crop residue on the surface.

Top layer of soil that is made up of organic matter, water, air and mineral particles

Soils that are formed under grasslands, very good for crop growth.

Organic component of decomposed leaves and plant material

Conservation Tillage

Ridge Tillage

Moldboard Plow

No-Till

Made up of decaying animal and plant residue degraded by organisms

Conventional Tillage

Mulch Tillage

Pore Space

Mollisol

Gravitational Water