Matching Pairs Unit 2 Part 1: Introduction to the Skeletal SystemOnline version Basic introduction information about the skeletal system for anatomy (BIOL 103) by Abigail Scott 1 The Skeletal System 2 Marrow 3 Tendons 4 Cartilage 5 Ligaments 6 Joints 7 Bones 8 Cartilaginous 9 Fibrous 10 Synovial consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together freely movable joints allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage Dense CT, Attach Bones to Muscles Solid CT, 206 3 Types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial Loose CT, 2 Types: Red and Yellow Bones, Cartilage, Marrow, Ligaments, Tendons, & Joints Dense CT, Attach Bone to Bone Semisolid CT; Nasal Septum, Growth Plates, Developing Bone, Costal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage (Joints) 1 Functions of Bone 2 Framework 3 Site of Hematopoiesis 4 Movement 5 Protection 6 Storage guards our many delicate tissues and structures (cranial bones-brain, vertebra-spinal cord, rib cage-heart and lungs, pelvis-lower organs) Attachment points for muscles, act as lever to facilitate movement Framework, Protection, Movement, Site of Hematopoiesis, Storage, stores calcium and phosphorus in the extracellular matrix stores energy in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow blood cell production takes place in the red bone marrow Provide the structure for the body; contains hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that's strong against gravity 1 Irregular Bones 2 Flat Bones 3 Long Bones 4 Short Bones 5 Classification of Bone Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, & Irregular Bones Square; Carpals, Tarsals, Patella Thins, Curved; Roof of Skull, Scapulae, Sternum, Ribs Elongated; upper and lower limbs Complex; Vertebrae, Coxa, Other Bones of the Skull 1 Epiphysis 2 Periosteum 3 Articular Cartilage 4 Diaphysis 5 Medullary Cavity 6 Epiphyseal Line 7 Macroanatomy of Bones tough sheath that covers the outer surface=dense irregular ct – protects from surrounding structures and serves as an anchor for ligaments and tendons hyaline – covers the joint surface of the epiphysis – reduces friction and absorbs shock remnant of the growth plate that fuses in adults Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line (Growth Plate), Medullary Cavity, & Periosteum long shaft – major weight support and leverage for muscles expanded knobby region on either end – the joint/articular ends hollow space in the diaphysis – filled with yellow bone marrow (adipose ct) in adults (red in children) 1 Inorganic ECM 2 Osteoblasts 3 Osteoclasts 4 Extracellular Matrix 5 Microanatomy of Bones 6 Organic ECM 7 Cells 8 Spongy Bone 9 Osteogenic Cells 10 Compact Bone 11 Osteocytes Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Spongy, & Compact break down/resorb bone 2 components: Organic & Inorganic (“osteoid”) = collagen fibers; imparts elastic and bendability to bones bone stem cells capable of differentiation (mineral) = calcium phosphate; imparts rigidity and stiffness to bones build bone & secrete ECM, arranged in lines mature bone cells, “stuck” in lacunae Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts (dense or cortical) = RESISTS bending – arranged in layers (lamellae) – OUTER layer (80% of bone) (calcaneus/trabecular) = ABSORBS stress - porous, filled with bone marrow – INNER layer (20% of bone) 1 Types of Cartilaginous Joints 2 Synovial Joints 3 Fibrous Joints 4 Gomphoses 5 Sutures 6 Syndesmoses 7 Cartilaginous Joints 8 Symphyses 9 Examples of Synovial Joints 10 Joint (Articulation) 11 Types of Fibrous Joints 12 Synchondroses bones connected by cartilage pads have hyaline cartilage between the bones tooth to jaw = “peg in socket” (also between temporal bone and styloid process) Synchondroses & Symphyses lock bones together with dense fibers between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula – shafts of the long bones are bound by “interosseous membrane” so they can slightly pivot around each other Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses allows the brain/skull to grow but have interlocking irregular edges to increase the strength Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Knee, Fingers and toes, Jaw, Neck fibrocartilage pads between bones – resists compression and tension, absorbs shock Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial bones separated by a space filled with fluid Highly mobile Held together by ligaments and a CT capsule
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