Ancient Civilizations (North Africa and Middle East) (updated until Rome and Jesus)

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Vijo Gor

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Ancient Civilizations (North Africa and Middle East)

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Ancient Civilizations (North Africa and Middle East) (updated until Rome and Jesus)Online version Ancient Civilizations (North Africa and Middle East) (updated until Rome and Jesus) by Vijo Gor 1 Fertile Crescent - Around 10 000 BCE, people here learned to plant seeds, domesticate animals and settle, triggering an agricultural revolution. 2 Jericho - Around 9,000 BCE, families built stone houses and walls to protect food and water, creating one of the world’s first towns. 3 Çatalhöyük - Around 7500 BCE, families here lived in homes packed close together. They climbed in through roofs and painted scenes of daily life. 4 Tigris - Flowing fast from the mountains, the Tigris carried fresh water and silt that helped early farmers grow crops and feed growing towns. 5 Euphrates - The wide, slower river that gave steady floods and shaped fields, trade routes and life in the first Mesopotamian cities. 6 Mesopotamia - “Land between two rivers.” Around 5400 BCE, an urban revolution started here as people built cities, invented writing and began organized government. 7 Nile Valley - By 6000 BCE, villages lined the Nile River, farming its rich soil and turning river life into early kingdoms. 8 Sumer - Southern part of Mesopotamia where city-states like Ur and Uruk rose, people built ziggurats and traded by river and sea. 9 Uruk - Around 3200 BCE, this became the first great Sumerian city, ruled by King Gilgamesh. Its temples and markets marked the start of civilization. 10 Ur - Around 2500 BCE, became a rich city of sailors, builders, and priests. Its ziggurat rose above the plain like a stairway to the gods. 11 Akkad - Capital of the first empire in history. Around 2330 BCE, King Sargon ruled from here, linking the Sumerian cities under one powerful government. 12 Babylon - Founded around 1900 BCE by Amorite settlers on the Euphrates. It became the heart of the Old Babylonian Empire and home of Hammurabi’s Code. 13 Pontic–Caspian Steppe - Around 3000 BCE, nomads here tamed horses & spread their Indo-European cultures, shaping peoples like Hittites, Persians, Indians & Europeans. 14 Anatolia (Asia Minor) - Mountainous plateau north of Mesopotamia. Around 1700 BCE, the Indo-European Hittites built their kingdom here, rich in iron and horses. 15 Hattusa - The walled capital of the Hittite Empire. Its gates, temples, and archives show one of the first Indo-European kingdoms. 16 Canaan - The land bridge between Mesopotamia and Egypt. Around 2000 BCE, Semitic peoples, ancestors of the Hebrews, lived in small towns and traded. 17 Ur - According to tradition, Abraham left this Mesopotamian city around 1900 BCE, beginning the Hebrew journey to Canaan. 18 Pi-Ramesses - Around 1300 BCE, Pharaoh Ramesses II built this grand capital of palaces. Hebrew tradition later places Moses here, where the Exodus story begins. 19 Sinai Desert - The desert bridge between Egypt and Canaan. It formed the harsh landscape crossed in Hebrew stories of the Exodus. 20 Ashur - Around 1400 BCE this city on the Tigris became the heart of the Assyrian Empire, where kings saw conquest as a duty to their god Ashur. 21 Jerusalem (Kingdom of Israel and Judah) - Around 1000 BCE, Hebrew King David made this the capital of the Jewish people. His son Solomon built a great temple, but later the kingdom split into Israel and Judah. 22 Samaria (Northern Kingdom of Israel) - After the Hebrew kingdom split, ancient Israel’s capital was here. Around 722 BCE, the Assyrians conquered it, scattering its people across their empire. 23 Nineveh - Later Assyrian capital on the Tigris. Around 700 BCE, kings like Ashurbanipal ruled from here, building vast libraries and conquering nearby lands. 24 Babylon (after Old Babylonian Empire) - After 1600 BCE, Kassites rebuilt and ruled here, then Assyrians seized it, until Chaldeans restored its glory under Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BCE. 25 Media (Northwest Iran) - In the 600s BCE, the Indo-European Medes formed a kingdom in the mountains of Iran. They helped the Babylonians defeat Assyria and ruled over early Persia. 26 Jerusalem (Kingdom of Judah) - In 586 BCE, this capital of the Kingdom of Judah, the last independent Jewish kingdom, would be destroyed by Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar II, exiling many Hebrews to Mesopotamia 27 Persis (Southwest Iran) - Once ruled by the Medes, this region settled by Indo-Europeans rose around 550 BCE when Cyrus the Great united its Persian tribes and overthrew Media, founding the Persian Empire. 28 Jerusalem (under the Persians) - After Babylon fell in 539 BCE, Cyrus the Great let the Jews return from exile and rebuild their temple. 29 Alexandria - Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE after conquering Persia & Egypt. Under the Ptolemies, it became a Greek city of science, philosophy & trade. 30 Seleucia - After Alexander’s death in 323 BCE, his general Seleucus built this city as capital of the Seleucid Empire, ruling the region with Greek kings. 31 Antioch - Founded by Seleucus I around 300 BCE, this became the western capital of the Seleucid Empire and a center of Greek power, culture and trade. 32 Modiin - In 167 BCE, the Maccabean Revolt began here when Jewish priest Mattathias refused Greek rule. His sons freed Jerusalem & found the Hasmonean Kingdom 33 Judea (under the Hasmonean ruling class) - In 63 BCE, rival Jewish rulers invited Pompey to bring order. He seized Jerusalem, turning Judea into a colony ruled by Jewish ally Herod. 34 Judea (as a Roman colony) - In the 1st century CE, Judea was split between Roman-backed priests, Zealots calling for rebellion and Jesus preaching non-violent resistance.