Aristotle Types of CausesOnline version Match the description with its cause by Chris Nelsen 1 Material Cause 2 Formal Cause 3 Efficient Cause 4 Final Cause The wood of a pencil The ceramic of a mug The water of an ocean The cloth of a shirt The paper of a textbook The soil of a field The shape of a mug The six-sidedness of a pencil The saltiness of the ocean The itchiness of a sweater The clayness of the soil The heaviness of a textbook The pencil factory The potter The water cycle Decomposition and worms Grandma's knitting needles Oxford University Press Writing notes Keeping you warm Holding tea or coffee Growing plants Perhaps doesn't have a final cause? Helping you learn philosophy