Matching Pairs Final review 4Online version Match theories to central premises by Carlos Ponce 1 Illegitimate opportunity structures 2 Routine activity theory 3 Techniques of neutralization 4 Differential association reinforcement theory 5 The culture of the gang 6 Differential association theory 7 Labelling theory 8 Anomie-strain theory 9 Sociology of deviance 10 Interactional theory 11 Social disorganization 12 Institutional anomie theory 13 Life-Course-Developmental Theory 14 Crime pattern theory 15 Concentric zone model 16 Rational choice theory The state of anomie in American society is caused by the dysfunction between cultural goals (the accumulation of wealth) and the institutional means to reach them. Criminal behaviour is learned through a process of social interaction, which includes the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes, and rationalizations. Weak social bonds may lead to exposure to delinquent peers and learning delinquent values, and associating with these people may result in weaker social bonds. People's everyday activities and patterns influence the convergence of suitable targets, motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardianship, producing crime opportunities. Criminal behaviour is learned through the principles of operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) and in non-social situations (imitation and modelling). Societies need a certain amount of deviance to define socially unacceptable behaviours. People that are labelled as deviants are more likely to develop a deviant self-image and continue engaging in deviant behaviour The expansion of cities follows a pattern that creates desirable and undesirable residential areas. Areas where people don’t want to live are characterized by weak family and communal ties. Lower class males have similar aspirations to their middle and upper-class peers. When they realize they can't compete and, therefore, are deprived of attaining status, they experience frustration and strain that leads them to create their own goals and define ways to reach them. Individuals commit crimes when they perceive that the costs of perpetrating the offence are outweighed by the rewards. Crime is not random it is shaped by how people's routine activities are dictated by the built environment. The way people adapt to strain depends on differential access to specific subcultures. Offenders employ tactics to deal with the guilt associated with their crimes. There is an institutional imbalance in which the economy dominates political system, education, and the family, which leads to an amoral “ends justifies the means” attitude in society. The breakdown of the networks, norms, and trust that facilitate the capacity to exercise informal social control may lead to greater violence and crime. The accumulation of social capital reduces the likelihood of offenders engaging in criminal behaviour. Moral entrepreneurs/crusaders make up rules that create deviant labels.
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