Matching Pairs Final review 4Online version Match theories to central premises by Carlos Ponce 1 The culture of the gang 2 Differential association theory 3 Illegitimate opportunity structures 4 Rational choice theory 5 Sociology of deviance 6 Anomie-strain theory 7 Concentric zone model 8 Differential association reinforcement theory 9 Interactional theory 10 Life-Course-Developmental Theory 11 Techniques of neutralization 12 Social disorganization 13 Labelling theory 14 Institutional anomie theory 15 Crime pattern theory 16 Routine activity theory There is an institutional imbalance in which the economy dominates political system, education, and the family, which leads to an amoral “ends justifies the means” attitude in society. Criminal behaviour is learned through a process of social interaction, which includes the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes, and rationalizations. The way people adapt to strain depends on differential access to specific subcultures. The accumulation of social capital reduces the likelihood of offenders engaging in criminal behaviour. Crime is not random it is shaped by how people's routine activities are dictated by the built environment. The expansion of cities follows a pattern that creates desirable and undesirable residential areas. Areas where people don’t want to live are characterized by weak family and communal ties. Lower class males have similar aspirations to their middle and upper-class peers. When they realize they can't compete and, therefore, are deprived of attaining status, they experience frustration and strain that leads them to create their own goals and define ways to reach them. The state of anomie in American society is caused by the dysfunction between cultural goals (the accumulation of wealth) and the institutional means to reach them. People's everyday activities and patterns influence the convergence of suitable targets, motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardianship, producing crime opportunities. Criminal behaviour is learned through the principles of operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) and in non-social situations (imitation and modelling). Offenders employ tactics to deal with the guilt associated with their crimes. Moral entrepreneurs/crusaders make up rules that create deviant labels. Societies need a certain amount of deviance to define socially unacceptable behaviours. People that are labelled as deviants are more likely to develop a deviant self-image and continue engaging in deviant behaviour The breakdown of the networks, norms, and trust that facilitate the capacity to exercise informal social control may lead to greater violence and crime. Individuals commit crimes when they perceive that the costs of perpetrating the offence are outweighed by the rewards. Weak social bonds may lead to exposure to delinquent peers and learning delinquent values, and associating with these people may result in weaker social bonds.
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