1
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulation and control the situation. This does NOT EXPLAIN behavior – it DESCRIBES it.
2
experimenter’s expectations unintentionally influence the results.
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the group exposed to the treatments (independent variable)
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assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups.
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helps from non bias responses. Everyone in the entire group has an equal change of participating.
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how phrases or sentences are worded can have a huge effect on results. People are more approving of “aid to the needy” than of “welfare” or “revenue enhancers” than “taxes”.
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People or animals behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.
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group that is not exposed to the treatment (placebo)
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tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
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________variable: other variables to consider that might affect the results (if it’s a drug experiments – age is a factor, weight, health issues, etc.)
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a measure of the relationship between two or more variables Variable: is anything that can change or vary: scores on test, temperature in a room, gender, amount of sleep, etc.
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______variable: variable that is manipulated – the variable whose effect is being studied
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in an experiments both the participants and the research staff are unaware about which group is the experimental group and which group is the placebo group.
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_______the outcome, the variable that may change in response to manipulation of the independent variable.
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an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable).
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The oldest research method used. Examines one individual in depth in hopes of revealing things true of us all.
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experimental results caused by expectations alone. People respond the way they think they should respond.
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This method looks at many cases but in less depth. Researchers do surveys when wanting to estimate, from a representative sample of people – the attitudes or reported behaviors of a whole population. Questions about everything from cell-phone use to political opinions are put to the public.
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