Matching Pairs SubstitutionOnline version Match the types of substitution with the examples. by Rosa Patiño Muñiz 1 Lexical substitution: replace a word with a synonym or near-synonym 2 Clausal substitution: replace a whole clause with "so" or "not". 3 Nominal substitution: replace a noun/noun phrase with a word such as "one, ones, the sort." 4 Ellipsis (zero substitution): completely omit the repeated item. This often happens after words like "other, all, some, not, enough." 5 Verbal substitution: replace a verb/verb phrase with "do" or "do so." Now, while this may be a bit of a rant, it's not an ill-informed one. Are plastic-based materials any worse than any others we use industrially? Does it matter if a seagull builds its nest out of bits of plastic? I think not. There's no point denying that plastic is a miracle material that's more versatile, more durable and more effective than any other substance. We've made more advances thanks to its invention than we ever did before.