Marrow
Cartilage
Bones
Joints
Tendons
Cartilaginous
The Skeletal System
Fibrous
Synovial
Ligaments
consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together
Dense CT, Attach Bone to Bone
Dense CT, Attach Bones to Muscles
3 Types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Bones, Cartilage, Marrow, Ligaments, Tendons, & Joints
Solid CT, 206
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
Semisolid CT; Nasal Septum, Growth Plates, Developing Bone, Costal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage (Joints)
Loose CT, 2 Types: Red and Yellow
freely movable joints
Site of Hematopoiesis
Movement
Framework
Storage
Protection
Functions of Bone
Attachment points for muscles, act as lever to facilitate movement
guards our many delicate tissues and structures (cranial bones-brain, vertebra-spinal cord, rib cage-heart and lungs, pelvis-lower organs)
Framework, Protection, Movement, Site of Hematopoiesis, Storage,
blood cell production takes place in the red bone marrow
Provide the structure for the body; contains hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that's strong against gravity
stores calcium and phosphorus in the extracellular matrix stores energy in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Classification of Bone
Irregular Bones
Long Bones
Thins, Curved; Roof of Skull, Scapulae, Sternum, Ribs
Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, & Irregular Bones
Complex; Vertebrae, Coxa, Other Bones of the Skull
Square; Carpals, Tarsals, Patella
Elongated; upper and lower limbs
Articular Cartilage
Diaphysis
Macroanatomy of Bones
Periosteum
Medullary Cavity
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Line
hollow space in the diaphysis – filled with yellow bone marrow (adipose ct) in adults (red in children)
remnant of the growth plate that fuses in adults
tough sheath that covers the outer surface=dense irregular ct – protects from surrounding structures and serves as an anchor for ligaments and tendons
long shaft – major weight support and leverage for muscles
hyaline – covers the joint surface of the epiphysis – reduces friction and absorbs shock
Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line (Growth Plate), Medullary Cavity, & Periosteum
expanded knobby region on either end – the joint/articular ends
Extracellular Matrix
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Compact Bone
Cells
Organic ECM
Osteogenic Cells
Inorganic ECM
Spongy Bone
Microanatomy of Bones
Osteoclasts
mature bone cells, “stuck” in lacunae
Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Spongy, & Compact
(“osteoid”) = collagen fibers; imparts elastic and bendability to bones
(calcaneus/trabecular) = ABSORBS stress - porous, filled with bone marrow – INNER layer (20% of bone)
break down/resorb bone
build bone & secrete ECM, arranged in lines
Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
(dense or cortical) = RESISTS bending – arranged in layers (lamellae) – OUTER layer (80% of bone)
bone stem cells capable of differentiation
2 components: Organic & Inorganic
(mineral) = calcium phosphate; imparts rigidity and stiffness to bones
Synchondroses
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Sutures
Gomphoses
Fibrous Joints
Synovial Joints
Symphyses
Joint (Articulation)
Syndesmoses
Types of Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Examples of Synovial Joints
have hyaline cartilage between the bones
bones separated by a space filled with fluid Highly mobile Held together by ligaments and a CT capsule
allows the brain/skull to grow but have interlocking irregular edges to increase the strength
lock bones together with dense fibers
Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Knee, Fingers and toes, Jaw, Neck
Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
fibrocartilage pads between bones – resists compression and tension, absorbs shock
bones connected by cartilage pads
tooth to jaw = “peg in socket” (also between temporal bone and styloid process)
Synchondroses & Symphyses
between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula – shafts of the long bones are bound by “interosseous membrane” so they can slightly pivot around each other
