Matching Pairs Unit 2 Part 1: Introduction to the Skeletal SystemOnline version Basic introduction information about the skeletal system for anatomy (BIOL 103) by Abigail Scott 1 Fibrous 2 Tendons 3 Bones 4 The Skeletal System 5 Cartilaginous 6 Joints 7 Cartilage 8 Synovial 9 Ligaments 10 Marrow Solid CT, 206 freely movable joints 3 Types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial Dense CT, Attach Bone to Bone consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together Loose CT, 2 Types: Red and Yellow Dense CT, Attach Bones to Muscles Bones, Cartilage, Marrow, Ligaments, Tendons, & Joints allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage Semisolid CT; Nasal Septum, Growth Plates, Developing Bone, Costal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage (Joints) 1 Movement 2 Functions of Bone 3 Protection 4 Site of Hematopoiesis 5 Framework 6 Storage guards our many delicate tissues and structures (cranial bones-brain, vertebra-spinal cord, rib cage-heart and lungs, pelvis-lower organs) stores calcium and phosphorus in the extracellular matrix stores energy in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow Framework, Protection, Movement, Site of Hematopoiesis, Storage, Provide the structure for the body; contains hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that's strong against gravity blood cell production takes place in the red bone marrow Attachment points for muscles, act as lever to facilitate movement 1 Classification of Bone 2 Short Bones 3 Irregular Bones 4 Long Bones 5 Flat Bones Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, & Irregular Bones Elongated; upper and lower limbs Complex; Vertebrae, Coxa, Other Bones of the Skull Square; Carpals, Tarsals, Patella Thins, Curved; Roof of Skull, Scapulae, Sternum, Ribs 1 Epiphysis 2 Epiphyseal Line 3 Periosteum 4 Diaphysis 5 Macroanatomy of Bones 6 Medullary Cavity 7 Articular Cartilage expanded knobby region on either end – the joint/articular ends tough sheath that covers the outer surface=dense irregular ct – protects from surrounding structures and serves as an anchor for ligaments and tendons hyaline – covers the joint surface of the epiphysis – reduces friction and absorbs shock long shaft – major weight support and leverage for muscles Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line (Growth Plate), Medullary Cavity, & Periosteum remnant of the growth plate that fuses in adults hollow space in the diaphysis – filled with yellow bone marrow (adipose ct) in adults (red in children) 1 Osteogenic Cells 2 Microanatomy of Bones 3 Osteoblasts 4 Cells 5 Inorganic ECM 6 Compact Bone 7 Organic ECM 8 Spongy Bone 9 Osteoclasts 10 Osteocytes 11 Extracellular Matrix bone stem cells capable of differentiation Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Spongy, & Compact 2 components: Organic & Inorganic (“osteoid”) = collagen fibers; imparts elastic and bendability to bones (dense or cortical) = RESISTS bending – arranged in layers (lamellae) – OUTER layer (80% of bone) Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts (mineral) = calcium phosphate; imparts rigidity and stiffness to bones (calcaneus/trabecular) = ABSORBS stress - porous, filled with bone marrow – INNER layer (20% of bone) mature bone cells, “stuck” in lacunae build bone & secrete ECM, arranged in lines break down/resorb bone 1 Synchondroses 2 Symphyses 3 Syndesmoses 4 Sutures 5 Cartilaginous Joints 6 Synovial Joints 7 Joint (Articulation) 8 Gomphoses 9 Types of Cartilaginous Joints 10 Types of Fibrous Joints 11 Fibrous Joints 12 Examples of Synovial Joints allows the brain/skull to grow but have interlocking irregular edges to increase the strength have hyaline cartilage between the bones Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Knee, Fingers and toes, Jaw, Neck bones connected by cartilage pads Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses fibrocartilage pads between bones – resists compression and tension, absorbs shock lock bones together with dense fibers bones separated by a space filled with fluid Highly mobile Held together by ligaments and a CT capsule between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula – shafts of the long bones are bound by “interosseous membrane” so they can slightly pivot around each other Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial tooth to jaw = “peg in socket” (also between temporal bone and styloid process) Synchondroses & Symphyses
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