Matching Pairs Unit 2 Part 1: Introduction to the Skeletal SystemOnline version Basic introduction information about the skeletal system for anatomy (BIOL 103) by Abigail Scott 1 The Skeletal System 2 Cartilaginous 3 Cartilage 4 Joints 5 Fibrous 6 Ligaments 7 Tendons 8 Marrow 9 Synovial 10 Bones Bones, Cartilage, Marrow, Ligaments, Tendons, & Joints Loose CT, 2 Types: Red and Yellow allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage Solid CT, 206 Dense CT, Attach Bones to Muscles Semisolid CT; Nasal Septum, Growth Plates, Developing Bone, Costal Cartilage, Articular Cartilage (Joints) 3 Types: Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds the bones tightly together Dense CT, Attach Bone to Bone freely movable joints 1 Protection 2 Storage 3 Movement 4 Site of Hematopoiesis 5 Framework 6 Functions of Bone blood cell production takes place in the red bone marrow stores calcium and phosphorus in the extracellular matrix stores energy in the form of fat in yellow bone marrow guards our many delicate tissues and structures (cranial bones-brain, vertebra-spinal cord, rib cage-heart and lungs, pelvis-lower organs) Framework, Protection, Movement, Site of Hematopoiesis, Storage, Provide the structure for the body; contains hard, mineralized extracellular matrix that's strong against gravity Attachment points for muscles, act as lever to facilitate movement 1 Long Bones 2 Irregular Bones 3 Short Bones 4 Classification of Bone 5 Flat Bones Complex; Vertebrae, Coxa, Other Bones of the Skull Square; Carpals, Tarsals, Patella Long Bones, Short Bones, Flat Bones, & Irregular Bones Thins, Curved; Roof of Skull, Scapulae, Sternum, Ribs Elongated; upper and lower limbs 1 Epiphysis 2 Articular Cartilage 3 Diaphysis 4 Macroanatomy of Bones 5 Epiphyseal Line 6 Periosteum 7 Medullary Cavity expanded knobby region on either end – the joint/articular ends remnant of the growth plate that fuses in adults long shaft – major weight support and leverage for muscles tough sheath that covers the outer surface=dense irregular ct – protects from surrounding structures and serves as an anchor for ligaments and tendons hollow space in the diaphysis – filled with yellow bone marrow (adipose ct) in adults (red in children) Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage, Epiphyseal Line (Growth Plate), Medullary Cavity, & Periosteum hyaline – covers the joint surface of the epiphysis – reduces friction and absorbs shock 1 Osteocytes 2 Cells 3 Spongy Bone 4 Compact Bone 5 Osteoclasts 6 Osteogenic Cells 7 Inorganic ECM 8 Extracellular Matrix 9 Microanatomy of Bones 10 Osteoblasts 11 Organic ECM (dense or cortical) = RESISTS bending – arranged in layers (lamellae) – OUTER layer (80% of bone) Cells, Extracellular Matrix, Spongy, & Compact (“osteoid”) = collagen fibers; imparts elastic and bendability to bones break down/resorb bone 2 components: Organic & Inorganic mature bone cells, “stuck” in lacunae (mineral) = calcium phosphate; imparts rigidity and stiffness to bones build bone & secrete ECM, arranged in lines Osteogenic Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts bone stem cells capable of differentiation (calcaneus/trabecular) = ABSORBS stress - porous, filled with bone marrow – INNER layer (20% of bone) 1 Gomphoses 2 Fibrous Joints 3 Synchondroses 4 Synovial Joints 5 Examples of Synovial Joints 6 Cartilaginous Joints 7 Sutures 8 Types of Fibrous Joints 9 Types of Cartilaginous Joints 10 Symphyses 11 Syndesmoses 12 Joint (Articulation) Synchondroses & Symphyses have hyaline cartilage between the bones allows the brain/skull to grow but have interlocking irregular edges to increase the strength between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula – shafts of the long bones are bound by “interosseous membrane” so they can slightly pivot around each other fibrocartilage pads between bones – resists compression and tension, absorbs shock bones connected by cartilage pads tooth to jaw = “peg in socket” (also between temporal bone and styloid process) Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses bones separated by a space filled with fluid Highly mobile Held together by ligaments and a CT capsule Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Knee, Fingers and toes, Jaw, Neck lock bones together with dense fibers Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
