Ray Jeffery
Jeremy Bentham
Cesare Beccaria
Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang
George Rigakos
Sigmund Freud
Raffaele Garofalo
Enrico Ferri
Cesare Lombroso
Terrie Moffit
Eysenck
Erich Goode and Nachman Ben-Yehuda
Stanley Cohen
Identified 3 key personality traits: Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Psychoticism (P).
Used a combination of B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning and Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory, to argue that if the reward for crime is high and the likelihood of punishment is low, the chances of criminal behaviour increase
The first to talk about “the born criminal”
Policing in Canada, private and public, has historically supported the accumulation and retention of capital, controlled potential threats to capitalism (putting down labour strikes, public protests).
Low intelligence has an indirect effect over delinquency through poor school performance and the negative consequences associated with it later in life.
Proposed three models (grassroots, elite-engineered and interest group) and 5 five features to explain the emergence and development of moral panics.
Studied skulls and body types of prisoners and inmates confined to insane asylums, concluding that criminals were “atavistic” — they were degenerate, evolutionary throwbacks — and exhibited distinguishing features, like apes or Neanderthals — retreating foreheads, large ears, large jaws, long arms.
Argues that we need examine two distinct types of offender to properly explain the age–crime curve: life-course persistent (LCP) offenders and adolescent-limited (AL) offenders
Argued that humans are rational, free-willed actors and that their behaviour is governed by hedonistic (pleasure–pain) calculus. He maintained that punishment should be restricted only to amount required to achieve deterrence.
Argued against secret accusations and use of torture, insisting accused individuals should have right to know their accusers and right to a fair trial
Argued that criminal thinking was inherited. Favoured eugenics.
Explored the relationship between media and moral panic in 1972 book, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. His work popularized the term moral panics. He identified the media as a crucial factor in stirring up moral panic.
Founder of psychoanalysis, also referred to as the “psychodynamic approach”
