Matching Pairs Final review 4Online version Match theories to central premises by Carlos Ponce 1 Differential association reinforcement theory 2 Rational choice theory 3 Sociology of deviance 4 Techniques of neutralization 5 Routine activity theory 6 Concentric zone model 7 Life-Course-Developmental Theory 8 Illegitimate opportunity structures 9 Differential association theory 10 Labelling theory 11 Social disorganization 12 Crime pattern theory 13 Interactional theory 14 Anomie-strain theory 15 The culture of the gang 16 Institutional anomie theory Criminal behaviour is learned through the principles of operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) and in non-social situations (imitation and modelling). Societies need a certain amount of deviance to define socially unacceptable behaviours. People that are labelled as deviants are more likely to develop a deviant self-image and continue engaging in deviant behaviour The state of anomie in American society is caused by the dysfunction between cultural goals (the accumulation of wealth) and the institutional means to reach them. People's everyday activities and patterns influence the convergence of suitable targets, motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardianship, producing crime opportunities. Lower class males have similar aspirations to their middle and upper-class peers. When they realize they can't compete and, therefore, are deprived of attaining status, they experience frustration and strain that leads them to create their own goals and define ways to reach them. The expansion of cities follows a pattern that creates desirable and undesirable residential areas. Areas where people don’t want to live are characterized by weak family and communal ties. The way people adapt to strain depends on differential access to specific subcultures. Crime is not random it is shaped by how people's routine activities are dictated by the built environment. There is an institutional imbalance in which the economy dominates political system, education, and the family, which leads to an amoral “ends justifies the means” attitude in society. Individuals commit crimes when they perceive that the costs of perpetrating the offence are outweighed by the rewards. Offenders employ tactics to deal with the guilt associated with their crimes. Weak social bonds may lead to exposure to delinquent peers and learning delinquent values, and associating with these people may result in weaker social bonds. The accumulation of social capital reduces the likelihood of offenders engaging in criminal behaviour. The breakdown of the networks, norms, and trust that facilitate the capacity to exercise informal social control may lead to greater violence and crime. Criminal behaviour is learned through a process of social interaction, which includes the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes, and rationalizations. Moral entrepreneurs/crusaders make up rules that create deviant labels.
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