Emphysema
Risk factors
Pharmacological Treatments
Complications
Diagnosis
Patient Education
Surgical treatments
Nonpharmacological Treatments
Signs & symptoms
Pulmonary function studies, Spirometry (evaluates airflow obstruction), ABGs
Bullectomy, Lung Volume Reduction Surgery, Lung Transplant
Environmental exposures & host factors, Smoking, Secondhand smoke, Genetic makeup (alpha1-antitrypsin)/Predisposed to COPD, Age
Bronchodilators, Corticosteroids, Vaccines (influenza, pneumococcal)
Breathing exercises, Activity pacing, Self-care activities, Physical conditioning, Nutritional therapy, Coping measures
Impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange results from destruction of walls of overdistended alveoli
Chronic cough, Sputum production Dyspnea, Use of accessory muscles, Respiratory insufficiency, Barrel chest, Retraction of supraclavicular fossae on inspiration, Musculoskeletal wasting, Metabolic syndrome, Depression
Avoid smoking & environmental irritants, Identify cause, Oxygen therapy, Pulmonary Rehab
Respiratory insufficiency, Respiratory failure
