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FUNBIO.18 Translation: the prokaryotic ribosome; protein synthesis

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FUNBIO.18 Translation: the prokaryotic ribosome; protein synthesis

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- Understand the steps involved in the process of RNA translation.
- Discuss the role of the primary molecules involved in the translation of RNA to protein; RNA template, ribosomal structure, and transfer RNAs.
- Describe in detail the events occurring at specific sites on the ribosome during the translation process; initiation, elongation, translocation and termination.

Created by

Zainab Nabeel
Zainab Nabeel
Bahrain
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FUNBIO.17 Transcription: RNA polymerases, prokaryotic RNA processing

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FUNBIO.18 Translation: the prokaryotic ribosome; protein synthesis
 

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FUNBIO.18 Translation: the prokaryotic ribosome; protein synthesisOnline version

- Understand the steps involved in the process of RNA translation. - Discuss the role of the primary molecules involved in the translation of RNA to protein; RNA template, ribosomal structure, and transfer RNAs. - Describe in detail the events occurring at specific sites on the ribosome during the translation process; initiation, elongation, translocation and termination.

by Zainab Nabeel
1

Translation requires :
a ) A template - mRNA ( moves to the cytoplasm )
b ) A reaction surface - the ribosome
c ) Activated precursors - - tRNAs : tRNA molecules coupled to specific amino - acids via energy - rich bonds

The ribosome ( E coli . ) :
- Composed of 55 distinct proteins plus 3 rRNAs
- Two sub - units :

Large ( )
5S rRNA
23S rRNA
34 Proteins

Small ( )
16S rRNA
21 Proteins

Combined : ribosome
~20 , 000 per cell ; equivalent to ~25% of cell mass
The " S " stands for , a unit used to measure how fast molecules move in a centrifuge .

Ribosomes have 3 pockets in the general structure :
A - site , P - site , E - site

rRNA :
- Single - stranded rRNA molecules
- Extensive - base - pairing
- Complex structures

tRNA's :
- Fold to give an - shaped structure
- The amino - acid is added to the ? end of the tRNA molecule to give an aminoacyl - tRNA
- The " anti - codon loop " mediates recognition of codons within the mRNA

Amino - acyl tRNA's :
- Activated for protein synthesis
- Also called ? charged tRNAs ?
- Each amino - acid is coupled to its specific " carrier " tRNA molecule by a two - stage reaction , which requires energy in the form of ATP :
1 ) : Amino acid reacts with ATP and AMP is transferred to AAs
2 ) transfer of the aAA to the 3 ? of the tRNA and release of AMP
- Catalysed by specific Aminoacyl - tRNA enzymes ( at least one Aminoacyl - tRNA Synthetase exists for each amino - acid type )

- The ribosome " reads " the mRNA in a 5 ? to 3 ? direction
- Peptides / protein grows from the N - terminus to the
C - terminus
- Translated in groups of three bases termed
- Ribosome moves along the mRNA until it locates the start codon ?
( Therefore all proteins begin with the amino - acid Methionine - AUG )

A triplet code read in a sequence of 3 , the ? Codon ? , specifies an amino - acid . The code contains :
- 61 amino - acid coding codons
- 3 Stop codons [ UAA , UAG , UGA ]
- 1 Start codon [ AUG ] which also encodes Met

stages of translation :
1 - Initiation :
a - Assembly of small ribosome subunit along the mRNA
b - Binding of the first amino acid carried on its tRNA to the ribosome . Initiator tRNA ? fMet . tRNA N - ( specific to bacteria )
c - then the large subunit around the beginning of the mRNA

At initiation : A - site is vacant and P - site has fMet tRNA

2 - Elongation :
a ) Second aminoacyl tRNA enters the A - site of the ribosome ( Codon - anticodon recognition )
b ) Peptidyl - transferase reaction ( Formation of peptide bond between amino acid ( P - site ) and second amino acid ( A - site ) )
c ) Uncharged tRNA enters E - site and leaves the ribosome ( The peptidyl - tRNA moves from the A - site to the P - site )

- The mRNA moves on by three bases .
- The A site is now aligned with the next codon in the mRNA and ready to accept the next tRNA molecule

3 - :
a ) mRNA contains 3 " Stop codons " : UAA , , UAG
b ) These do not code for any amino acid .
c ) Recognised by Factors ( Bind to the A - site and cause the peptide in the P - site to be cleaved from the tRNA and released )

post - translation :
Proteins must fold up into their natural and biologically - active conformation .
Mostly this is spontaneous . Chemical modification of a protein may occur after translation to extend the range of functions of the protein by attaching functional groups ( e . g . Phosphorylation and Glycosylation ) . Some proteins need helper proteins known as " Chaperones " to assist in the folding process .

Each ribosome synthesizes just one polypeptide at a time . Many ribosomes can translate a single mRNA molecule ( Referred to as a " Polyribosome " or " Polysome " ) .



 
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