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FUNBIO 11 part 2

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FUNBIO 11 part 2

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Recall the difference between the intracellular and intercellular environment.
Differentiate between macrotransfer and microtransfer processes.
Explain the mechanism of both phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
Differentiate between receptor-mediated and fluid phase pinocytosis.
Describe passive diffusion processes and the role of membrane transport proteins.
Differentiate between transporter and channel proteins.
Explain facilitated transport.
Describe mechanisms of active transport in cell membranes.
Explain how glucose enters the cell by means of a sodium dependent co-transport carrier system.

Created by

Zainab Nabeel
Zainab Nabeel
Bahrain

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FUNBIO 11 part 2
 

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FUNBIO 11 part 2Online version

Recall the difference between the intracellular and intercellular environment. Differentiate between macrotransfer and microtransfer processes. Explain the mechanism of both phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Differentiate between receptor-mediated and fluid phase pinocytosis. Describe passive diffusion processes and the role of membrane transport proteins. Differentiate between transporter and channel proteins. Explain facilitated transport. Describe mechanisms of active transport in cell membranes. Explain how glucose enters the cell by means of a sodium dependent co-transport carrier system.

by Zainab Nabeel
1

A large can engulf / endocytose 25% of its own volume of fluid each hour by the process of pinocytosis

This removes 3% of its plasma membrane each minute ( 100% of its plasma membrane per hour )

The total surface area and volume of the cell remains unchanged

This means that exocytosis must balance endocytosis with respect to the amount of membrane involved

Macrotransfer only brings materials into or lysosomes within the cytoplasm

For molecules to be absorbed into the cytoplasm they must cross the surrounding membrane

is the transfer of small molecules and ions across cell membranes , both internal and external

Microtransfer of biomolecules can be by two different mechanisms :
- Passive transport
No energy required
Simple and diffusion
- Active transport
Requires energy
Primary and secondary active transport

Many ions and small molecules move through the membrane by diffusion .

Differentiate between Brownian motion and diffusion :

Brownian motion :
- First observed indirectly by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown .
- Under the light microscope , pollen grains in water are seen to be moving here and there ( movement ) in water . So called Motion applies to particles <2 micrometers and does not require energy consumption
- It is due to collisions with the water molecules which we can ? t see .

Diffusion
The for all molecules in liquids and gases to move in all directions until they are evenly distributed in the available space

- is dependent on movement of molecules , due to their energy , from regions of high concentration to low concentration
- It will occur whenever such a concentration gradient exists
- Movement when the equilibrium constant reaches 0

There are two types of diffusion :
( simple ) diffusion ? through the lipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion ( or transport ) ? through a channel protein or carrier protein

simple diffusion :
- This requires the membrane to be freely to the molecules and ions at the time in question

- Water and small non - polar molecules ( O2 , ) pass freely through the plasma membrane by diffusion
( Molecules diffuse across the membrane by passive transport )

facilitated diffusion / transport :
and other molecules ( e . g . amino acids , nucleotides ) enter some animal cells by a process of facilitated ( or ) diffusion

Two types of protein facilitate the diffusion , and each one uses a different mechanisms :

Channel proteins ( e . g . potassium ion channels )

Carrier proteins ( e . g . sugars , amino acids and nucleotides ) are specific permeases which are highly selective often transporting only one type of molecule . The mechanism involves a conformational changes to transfer the bound solute

No energy is required for transport ; essentially this is a passive transport mechanism

Macromolecules and ions ( H + , Na + , K + , Cl - ) do not pass freely through cell membranes .

Instead these molecules require the use of selective pores or channels ( so called ? membrane transport proteins ? ) to cross / transfer from one side of the membrane to the other
- Most models that integral transmembrane proteins act as carriers translocating substances from one surface to another
- These active transport systems are usually inhibited by low temperature

The process is energy dependent and requires Adenosine ( ATP ) molecules

The best studied active transport systems involve inorganic ions , amino acids and monosaccharides

Two types of active transport both of which require energy expenditure in order to transport molecules AGAINST their concentration gradient .

Primary ? uses energy ( ATP ) directly
Secondary ? uses energy indirectly .

Typically move molecules against their electrochemical gradient .
Uses energy in the form of ATP
Primary active transporters are ATPase proteins .
Primary active transporters are also referred to as pumps .

primary active transport :

Typically move molecules against their electrochemical gradient .

Uses energy in the form of ATP
- Primary active transporters .
- Primary active transporters are also referred to as pumps .

Examples of substances transported by this mechanism : Na + , K + , Ca + + and H +

Examples of pumps : Na + / K + - ATPase , Ca2 + - ATPase , H + / K + - ATPase , H + - ATPase pumps , ATP synthase ( in reverse )

note that the gradient established by primary active transport stores energy that can be used to drive other transport systems ? we will see this as a key mechanism in Secondary Active transport

Primary Active transport : Sodium potassium pump Na + / K + - ATPase
Most membranes incorporate an ATP - driven sodium / potassium pump ( Na + / K + - ATPase ) , which maintains a + gradient .

This pump transports :
Na + ions from inside to out
2 K + from outside to in
1 ATP hydrolysed
( may be considered an example of )

 
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