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1
caciquismo
Conservative
Party
Castillo
system
Mateo
María
XIII
Alfonso
Alfonso
suffrage
Liberal
Philippines
Sagasta
Party
Puerto
Maine
male
Práxedes
Cristina
fraudulent
universal
elections
bipartite
Rico
1868
Cuba
XII's
Cánovas
Antonio
del
The
Restoration
will
establish
the
moderate
liberal
regime
that
existed
before
the
Revolution
.
Its
main
architect
was
.
The
1876
Constitution
was
promulgated
,
establishing
shared
sovereignty
between
the
King
and
the
Cortes
,
the
Catholic
nature
of
the
State
,
and
(
easier
for
electoral
fraud
)
.
The
political
system
was
based
on
the
existence
of
two
political
parties
:
The
:
led
by
Antonio
Cánovas
del
Castillo
and
supported
by
the
most
conservative
and
traditional
social
groups
(
excluding
the
Carlists
)
.
The
:
led
by
and
composed
of
progressives
.
During
the
Restoration
,
the
and
peaceful
alternation
(
turn
of
the
century
)
stood
out
.
Both
were
made
possible
by
and
"
"
(
local
political
bossism
)
.
In
other
words
,
political
parties
took
turns
in
power
by
manipulating
electoral
results
.
This
alternation
aimed
to
provide
stability
to
the
Spanish
political
system
.
In
fact
,
even
after
death
in
1885
,
political
stability
was
not
compromised
.
His
wife
,
(
1875
?
1902
)
,
assumed
the
regency
until
the
future
reached
adulthood
.
Spain
retained
only
,
,
and
the
from
its
great
16th
-
century
empire
.
The
United
States
wanted
to
buy
Cuba
and
Puerto
Rico
,
but
Spain
refused
the
sale
.
The
United
States
sought
an
excuse
for
revenge
and
found
it
with
the
explosion
of
the
(
it
was
not
the
Spaniards
who
caused
the
ship's
sinking
but
an
explosion
in
the
engine
room
)
.
They
now
had
a
reason
to
declare
war
.
The
Spanish
were
defeated
,
and
Cuba
,
Puerto
Rico
,
and
the
Philippines
were
lost
.
This
disaster
marked
a
period
of
pessimism
,
crisis
,
and
reflection
.
Regenerationism
was
a
movement
that
sought
to
understand
the
causes
of
Spain's
downfall
and
propose
solutions
.
Essentially
,
they
attempted
to
lift
Spain
from
its
backwardness
by
promoting
education
,
industrialization
,
and
bringing
the
country
closer
to
Europe
,
that
is
,
modernizing
it
.
2
Mussolini's
XIII
1936
1930
Morocco
20th
Miguel
1921
Sebastián
Pact
Primo
Alhucemas
Disaster
Landing
Annual
Regenerationism
Alfonso
failed
due
to
the
ongoing
conflicts
that
unfolded
in
the
early
years
of
the
century
.
We
can
highlight
:
?
Anticlericalism
.
?
The
workers'
movement
(
strikes
,
riots
,
etc
.
)
.
?
The
war
with
for
control
of
the
North
African
region
.
In
this
war
,
the
infamous
"
of
"
occurred
in
,
where
13
,
000
Spanish
soldiers
lost
their
lives
.
This
situation
weakened
Alfonso
XIII
,
leading
Spanish
military
to
carry
out
a
coup
d'état
(
with
the
King's
approval
)
,
marking
the
beginning
of
de
Rivera's
Dictatorship
(
1923
-
)
.
These
were
years
of
great
economic
prosperity
,
marked
by
public
works
and
the
establishment
of
national
companies
such
as
Correos
and
Telefónica
.
The
dictator
managed
to
resolve
the
African
issue
with
the
(
1925
)
.
However
,
Primo
de
Rivera's
government
faced
a
crisis
in
1929
as
he
sought
to
emulate
fascist
model
,
which
politicians
and
even
the
military
did
not
accept
.
Primo
de
Rivera
resigned
from
power
.
Republicans
began
to
gain
strength
.
Their
leaders
signed
the
of
San
(
1930
)
to
bring
about
the
advent
of
the
Second
Republic
(
since
the
monarchy
had
been
discredited
due
to
its
support
for
the
dictatorship
)
.
In
the
municipal
elections
of
April
12
,
1931
,
republican
and
socialist
parties
achieved
victory
in
the
cities
.
This
situation
led
into
exile
.
On
April
14
,
1931
,
the
Second
Republic
was
proclaimed
(
1931
-
)
.
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