Fill in the Blanks
Urinary System what u need to know.
1
ECF
ions
excess
pressure
production
acid
body
solutes
blood
environment
regulating
volume
base
erythropoietin
osmolarity
water
RBC
wastes
internal
ions
D
renin
vitamin
toxins
calcitriol
blood
metabolic
fastin
Gluconeogenesis
regulating
*
Removal
of
,
,
and
from
the
*
Maintain
the
?
s
:
*
Regulate
total
and
(
concentration
of
)
of
the
body
*
Regulate
concentrations
of
in
(
ex
.
Na
+
,
K
+
,
Ca
+
,
Cl
-
)
*
Maintain
-
balance
*
Hormone
production
(
for
and
for
)
*
Converts
to
(
its
active
form
)
*
during
prolonged
2
Ureters
Nephrons
Urethra
Kidneys
bladder
Urinary
*
are
major
excretory
organs
-
are
the
functional
excretory
units
*
is
the
temporary
storage
reservoir
for
urine
*
transport
urine
from
the
kidneys
to
the
bladder
*
transports
urine
out
of
the
bod
y
3
concave
Convex
Retroperitoneal
Ureters
nerves
blood
hilum
left
lymphatics
renal
vessels
hilu
sinus
superior
lumbar
Right
The
Kidneys
*
,
in
the
region
*
kidney
is
lower
than
the
*
lateral
surface
,
medial
surface
*
Renal
leads
to
the
renal
*
,
,
,
and
enter
and
exit
at
the
4
Minor
Medulla
Renal
Renal
Renal
Superficial
Cortex
Column
Pelvis
calyx
Renal
:
Contains
bulk
of
nephron
structures
;
region
of
kidney
:
Containing
mostly
collecting
ducts
:
Runs
between
each
medulla
:
Cup
shaped
,
encircles
the
apex
of
a
pyramid
-
Basin
area
of
kidney
,
continuous
with
urete
r
5
1
long
renal
Nephrons
urine
Glomerulus
cortex
Bowman
Renal
conserving
85%
corpuscle
urine
capsule
Juxtamedullary
loops
tubule
medulla
capillaries
Nephrons
Cortical
interface
functional
concentrated
units
wate
The
Nephron
:
Structural
and
that
form
Each
kidney
contains
about
million
nephrons
Two
main
parts
:
-
(
)
:
a
tuft
of
-
:
begins
as
cup
-
shaped
glomerular
(
?
s
)
surrounding
the
glomerulus
Two
Classes
-
:
About
of
all
nephrons
,
almost
completely
in
cortex
-
:
Originate
at
-
,
that
dip
into
the
medulla
;
allow
for
production
of
&
6
PCT
capillaries
Peritubular
recta
cortical
Vasa
DCT
juxtamedullary
Two
Classes
Cortical
Nephrons
:
associated
with
and
of
nephrons
Juxtamedullary
Nephrons
:
associated
with
the
nephron
loop
of
nephron
s
7
walls
formation
macula
tubule
signal
mechanoreceptors
Extraglomerular
cells
afferent
granular
NaCl
cells
densa
cells
ascending
systemic
distal
cells
pressure
ascending
arteriole
blood
chemical
densa
Complex
Granular
loop
arteriole
Juxtaglomerular
blood
JGC
convoluted
Complex
chemoreceptor
JGC
filtrate
nephron
afferent
Macula
arterioles
pressure
Juxtaglomerular
glomerulus
communication
concentrations
Juxtaglomerular
Complex
JGC
renin
mesangial
*
(
)
:
Region
where
portion
of
nephron
loop
lies
against
the
that
feeds
the
*
(
)
:
Both
the
and
cells
are
modified
at
point
of
contact
*
(
)
helps
to
regulate
rate
of
&
*
?
modified
cells
of
nephron
loop
;
packed
beside
granular
cells
;
cells
that
monitor
of
filtrate
entering
the
*
?
found
in
;
act
as
,
releasing
when
changes
in
occur
*
?
lie
between
the
nephron
loop
and
arterioles
;
allows
between
and
via
8
urine
urine
pathology
blood
Nitrogenous
high
filtered
95%
wastes
5%
cleansing
formation
balancing
Chemically
Abnormally
*
water
and
solutes
*
:
urea
,
uric
acid
,
and
creatinine
*
Other
normal
solutes
Na
+
,
K
+
,
PO43
?
,
and
SO42
?
,
Ca2
+
,
Mg2
+
and
HCO3
?
*
concentrations
of
any
constituent
may
indicate
*
and
of
the
blood
leads
to
?
is
literally
just
!
9
filtration
Glomerular
reabsorption
secretion
Tubular
Tubular
*
:
"
dumping
filtrate
into
the
waste
container
"
*
:
"
reclaiming
what
the
body
needs
to
keep
"
*
:
"
selectively
adding
to
the
waste
container
"
10
Colloid
filtrate
Pressure
Filtration
osmotic
water
solutes
solutes
pressure
water
inward
out
formation
i
Net
outward
pressure
Hydrostatic
*
is
determined
by
the
differences
in
and
pressures
*
of
the
glomerular
capillaries
(
HPgc
)
aka
glomerular
BP
,
promotes
,
"
the
push
"
forcing
and
of
blood
*
of
the
glomerular
capillaries
(
OPgc
)
,
"
the
pull
"
by
blood
proteins
keeping
and
11
pressure
acid
pain
chronic
pH
bacterial
Kidney
uric
Ca2
infection
calcium
urine
ureter
magnesium
stones
*
form
in
renal
pelvis
-
Crystallized
,
,
or
salts
*
Larger
stones
block
,
cause
and
in
kidneys
*
May
be
due
to
,
retention
,
?
+
in
blood
,
?
of
urin
e
13
urethral
nervous
detrusor
ANS
urethral
sphincter
ANS
syste
sphincter
somatic
external
muscle
internal
Three
simultaneous
events
*
Contraction
of
by
*
Opening
of
by
*
Opening
of
by
14
diet
output
Urinalysis
consistancy
urinary
24
1
30
0
Urinalysis
metabolism
8
180
urine
cellular
150
2
*
Blood
composition
depends
on
:
,
and
*
In
hours
,
million
nephrons
of
the
kidneys
filter
-
liters
of
blood
plasma
;
resulting
in
.
-
liter
of
urine
output
daily
*
In
healthy
individuals
,
kidneys
maintain
despite
variation
in
diet
and
metabolic
activity
*
allows
testing
to
determine
substances
present
in
a
urine
specimen
?
this
can
be
used
to
assess
health
of
a
patient
*
must
be
done
within
minutes
after
urine
is
voide
d
15
Transparency
gravity
Color
urine
Odor
pH
Specific
of
*
and
*
?
slightly
aromatic
*
ranges
from
4
.
5
-
8
.
0
(
average
of
6
)
*
is
the
relative
weight
of
a
specific
volume
of
liquid
compared
with
an
equal
volume
of
distilled
water
.
The
specific
gravity
of
distilled
water
is
1
.
000
,
because
1
ml
weighs
1
gram
.
16
water
bile
pale
urochrome
UT
foods
drugs
clear
Color
yellow
solutes
amber
blood
Transparency
*
and
*
Should
be
and
to
in
color
,
due
to
(
pigment
metabolite
of
bilirubin
)
*
Color
variations
indicate
the
relative
concentration
of
to
in
the
urine
*
Abnormal
urine
color
may
be
due
to
certain
,
such
as
beets
,
various
,
,
or
*
Cloudy
urine
may
indicate
a
17
pH
5
urine
urine
4
infection
Diet
tract
diet
whole
wheat
pH
vegetarian
6
odor
ammonia
urine
urine
8
pH
disease
0
protein
urine
of
ash
drugs
acidity
urine
acid
vegetables
Bacteria
Odor
urinary
alkalinity
increase
odor
*
?
slightly
aromatic
-
action
gives
it
an
-
like
-
Some
,
and
various
processes
alter
the
characteristic
or
.
Example
:
someone
with
uncontrolled
diabetes
mellitus
makes
urine
smell
fruity
or
acetone
-
like
.
*
ranges
from
.
-
.
(
average
of
)
*
can
influence
or
-
A
diet
high
in
and
raise
the
of
.
The
foods
that
can
the
are
called
foods
.
-
A
(
alkaline
ash
diet
)
increases
the
of
the
.
-
A
may
also
result
in
urine
with
a
high
pH
.
18
liquid
kidney
1
volume
ml
specific
solutes
1
001
stones
crystallize
gravity
1
more
000
equal
hydrometer
precipitate
urinprober
Specific
less
1
distilled
030
1
volume
water
*
is
the
relative
weight
of
a
of
compared
with
an
of
.
The
specific
gravity
of
distilled
water
is
.
,
because
weighs
gram
.
-
Measured
using
a
/
-
Urine
weighs
more
because
it
has
?
normal
is
.
-
.
.
-
High
specific
gravity
=
solutes
Limited
fluid
intake
,
fever
,
kidney
inflammation
-
Low
specific
gravity
=
solutes
Excessive
water
intake
,
diabetes
insipidus
or
chronic
renal
failure
*
If
urine
becomes
excessively
concentrated
,
some
substances
normally
held
in
solution
begin
to
or
forming
(
renal
calculi
)
.
19
tubules
ducts
cell
Hyaline
cell
blood
blood
red
white
pathological
convoluted
Hardened
distal
collecting
Casts
:
*
cell
fragments
,
formed
in
&
*
,
and
casts
*
Always
indicate
a
conditio
n
20
active
blood
High
mechanisms
Glucosuria
carbohydrate
transport
mellitus
levels
inadequate
Glucose
exceeded
sugar
insulin
diabetes
Glycosuri
(
)
:
*
due
to
levels
;
or
can
result
when
for
glucose
are
temporarily
*
Excessive
intake
*
Uncontrolled
*
Aka
21
Toxins
Hypertension
Pathological
kidney
intake
overabundant
glomerulus
permeability
big
pregnancy
Poisons
Albumin
exertion
excessive
protein
increased
trauma
*
-
albumin
in
urine
-
Normally
albumin
is
too
to
pass
through
the
?
so
when
it
does
you
have
an
abnormally
of
the
membrane
.
-
Nonpathological
conditions
:
,
,
-
conditions
usually
events
that
damage
the
glomerular
membrane
*
*
*
*
22
acidosis
larger
diets
starvation
fat
glucose
bodies
beta
carbohydrates
mellitu
acetone
abnormal
diabetes
ketones
acid
acid
ketone
small
metabolic
hydroxybutyric
*
Ketone
Bodies
(
Ketonuria
)
:
Acetoacetic
,
-
and
are
.
-
Normally
found
in
amounts
in
urine
-
If
amounts
usually
indicates
processes
are
occurring
.
The
result
is
.
-
Expect
to
see
this
during
or
very
low
in
?
inadequate
food
forces
the
body
to
use
its
stored
.
-
Finding
both
and
usually
indicates
23
Blood
big
pathology
Cells
rbc
Red
*
(
hematuria
)
:
Indicates
of
the
urinary
tract
?
are
too
to
pass
through
glomerular
pores
-
Kidney
stones
-
Infection
-
Tumors
-
Physical
trauma
to
urinary
organ
s
24
RBCs
Hemoglobin
hemolysis
*
(
Hemoglobinuria
)
in
urine
as
a
result
of
(
bursting
)
of
*
Indicates
-
Hemolytic
anemias
-
Transfusion
reactions
-
Burns
-
Venomous
snake
bites
-
Renal
diseas
e
25
bladder
urine
inflammation
liver
Cells
Blood
Bile
Nitrites
infection
shaken
yellow
foam
bacterial
infection
White
trac
Pigments
pathology
urinary
*
-
May
indicate
a
(
E
.
coli
)
-
Valuable
for
early
indicators
of
*
(
Bilirubinuria
)
bilirubin
in
urine
(
bile
pigments
)
Usually
indicates
-
hepatitis
-
cirrhosis
-
bile
duct
blockage
Usually
forms
when
urine
is
*
(
Pyuria
)
presence
of
white
blood
cells
in
(
pus
)
-
Indicates
of
26
Diabetes
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
mellitus
Diabetes
insipidus
Gonorrhea
*
-
kidney
infection
*
-
"
glomerular
disease
"
acute
inflammation
of
the
kidney
,
typically
caused
by
an
immune
response
*
-
sexually
transmitted
bacterial
infection
*
-
diabetes
-
too
much
sugar
in
the
blood
*
-
rare
-
caused
by
a
deficiency
of
the
pituitary
hormone
ADH
(
vasopressin
)
which
regulates
kidney
function
.
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