Muscle & Nerve Essentials

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Brain, nerves, and muscle basics.

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Madison Klemann

United States

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Muscle & Nerve Essentials


Froggy Jumps Muscle & Nerve EssentialsOnline version Brain, nerves, and muscle basics. by Madison Klemann 1 How is the modality of a stimulus (type of energy) coded in the nervous system? a By the specific sensory pathway and type of receptor activated b By the duration of the stimulus c By the number of receptors recruited 2 The location of a stimulus is primarily determined by: a The receptive field of the activated receptor and lateral inhibition b The frequency of action potentials c The type of receptor activated 3 Which of the following codes for stimulus intensity? a Frequency of action potentials and recruitment of receptors b Lateral inhibition between neurons c The labeled line principle 4 The duration of a stimulus is coded by: a Which type of adaptation the receptor shows (phasic vs. tonic) b The number of receptors activated c The size of the receptive field 5 Which of the following is true of specific ascending pathways? a They project to primary sensory areas for precise perception b They carry information from multiple types of receptors. c They are primarily involved in general arousal and alertness. 6 Nonspecific ascending pathways are characterized by: a Projecting broadly and contributing to arousal/alertness b Ending in highly localized regions of the cortex c Carrying only one type of sensory information 7 Which receptor is an example of slow (tonic) adaptation? a Nociceptor detecting pain b Pacinian corpuscle c Olfactory receptor for smell 8 Which of the following best describes slowly adapting (tonic) receptors? a They continue to fire as long as the stimulus is present, though at a reduced rate. b They fire only when a stimulus is removed. c They stop firing completely after the first second of stimulation. 9 Which of the following is an example of a rapidly adapting receptor? a Pacinian corpuscle detecting vibration b Nociceptor signaling persistent pain c Thermoreceptor detecting constant cold 10 Which of the following best describes rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors? a They respond strongly at the beginning of a stimulus but quickly stop firing. b They are responsible for detecting constant information about body position. c They only detect painful stimuli. 11 Chemoreceptors respond to which type of stimulus? a Chemical changes such as pH, O₂, and smell b Sound vibrations c Light intensity 12 Which receptor type allows humans to see by detecting light? a Photoreceptors b Mechanoreceptors c Chemoreceptors 13 Which type of stimulus do mechanoreceptors primarily detect? a Mechanical forces such as pressure or vibration b Chemical signals in the blood c Light intensity 14 Thermoreceptors are sensitive to which of the following? a Temperature changes ✅ b Mechanical stretch of the skin c Tissue damage or pain 15 What is the main function of nociceptors? a Detecting painful or potentially damaging stimuli b Detecting taste molecules c Detecting balance and motion 16 What is a motor unit? The smallest unit of control: a A single muscle fiber type b 1 motor neuron + all fibers it innervates c A motor neuron alone 17 Which ion channel primarily initiates depolarization in a neuron? a Mechanically gated K+ channels b Voltage-gated Na+ channels c Ligand-gated Ca2+ channels 18 Which muscle type features gap junctions allowing spontaneous activity? a Smooth muscle b Cardiac muscle c Skeletal muscle 19 What yields max tension in muscle fibers? a Maximum ATP b Minimum cross-bridges c Optimal sarcomere length 20 Which is an ATP source for short bursts (<15 seconds)? a Glycolysis only b Creatine phosphate c Fatty acid oxidation 21 Which muscle fiber type is slow-twitch and endurance-oriented? a Type IIb (fast glycolytic) b Type IIa (fast oxidative) c Type I (slow oxidative) 22 Which pathway is NO signaling linked to for smooth muscle? a NO → guanylyl cyclase → ↑cGMP b cAMP → PKA c IP3/DAG with Ca2+ 23 Tetanus in muscles is defined as? a Partial relaxation during continuous stimulus b Maximal sustained contraction c Single twitch contraction 24 What is saltatory conduction? a AP jumps nodes of Ranvier b AP travels along entire axon without stops c AP skips to synapse directly 25 What percentage of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)? a About 50% b About 33% c About 67% 26 Which process moves water across a membrane due to solute differences? a Filtration b Diffusion c Osmosis 27 Negative feedback in physiology is primarily for what effect? a Stabilizing a condition b Amplifying a signal c Initiating a response 28 Which ion channel type opens in response to ligands? a Voltage-gated channel b Ligand-gated channel c Mechanically gated channel 29 What enzyme assists in removing phosphate groups covalently? a Phosphatase b Ligase c Kinase 30 In skeletal muscle, which filament slides past the other during contraction? a Sarcomere enlarges b Myosin slides past actin c Actin slides past myosin 31 Which vitamin-like molecule guides Ca2+ regulation of contraction? a Titin binds Ca2+ b Myosin binds Ca2+ c Troponin binds Ca2+ 32 What is the primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction? a GABA b Norepinephrine c Acetylcholine (ACh) 33 Which pathway amplifies a signal via cAMP and PKA? a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway b NO/cGMP pathway c IP3/DAG pathway 34 Which type of muscle has intercalated discs and automatic rhythm? a Skeletal muscle b Cardiac muscle c Smooth muscle 35 What percentage of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)? a About 67% b About 50% c About 33% 36 Which process primarily drives capillary material exchange? a Diffusion, filtration, and osmosis b Active transport only c Transcytosis only 37 Negative feedback in physiology is best described as: a A random fluctuation without control b A stabilizing loop that returns a set point c A rapid escalation of response 38 Which is an example of positive feedback? a Oxytocin increasing uterine contractions during labor b Renin-angiotensin maintaining BP c Insulin lowering blood glucose 39 Primary plasma membrane transport that uses ATP directly is: a Na+/K+ ATPase b Facilitated diffusion c Secondary active transport 40 Which macromolecule types store genetic information? a DNA and RNA b Proteins and lipids c Carbohydrates and peptides 41 Which ion channel type is gated by voltage? a Voltage-gated channels b Ligand-gated channels c Mechanically gated channels 42 What does the Goldman equation account for in neurons? a Only potassium permeability b Multiple ions contributing to membrane potential c Only sodium permeability 43 In muscle physiology, what shortens during contraction? a A-band length b Sarcomere length within the muscle fiber c Z-line length 44 Which statement about diffusion is true? a Flux is independent of concentration gradient b Only active transport governs flux c Flux depends on gradient, surface area, and membrane properties 45 Which subunit exchange GDP for GTP to activate the G protein? a γ-subunit b β-subunit c α-subunit 46 Activation of GPCR leads to activation of which enzyme to raise cAMP? a Adenylate cyclase b Phospholipase C c GTPase-activating protein 47 What is the second messenger produced when cAMP rises? a CaMKII activation b PKA activation c PKC activation 48 How many cAMP molecules can a single ligand typically produce through amplification? a One cAMP molecule b Zero cAMP molecules c Many cAMP molecules 49 Which tonicity causes cells to shrink? a Hypertonic b Isotonic c Hypotonic 50 Which tonicity causes cells to swell due to water influx? a Hypertonic b Isotonic c Hypotonic 51 What tonicity results in no net water change across the membrane? a Hypotonic b Hypertonic c Isotonic 52 Which process brings substance into the cell via vesicles? a Exocytosis b Endocytosis c Phagocytosis of nutrients 53 Which process releases neurotransmitters from the cell? a Endocytosis b Exocytosis c Transcytosis 54 Which cell type forms the blood-brain barrier and provides support? a Astrocytes b Microglia c Schwann cells 55 Which muscle types have sarcomeres? a Smooth only b Cardiac only c Skeletal and Cardiac 56 Which muscle types have gap junctions? a Cardiac and Smooth b Skeletal only c Skeletal and Cardiac 57 Which muscle type has the lowest SR density? a Cardiac b Skeletal c Smooth 58 Which muscle type has the fastest contraction speed? a Cardiac b Smooth c Skeletal 59 Which muscle type is usually stimulated spontaneously? a Smooth b Skeletal c Cardiac 60 During isometric contraction, what happens to muscle length? a Length constant b Length decreases c Length increases 61 During isotonic contraction, what changes? a Tension increases only b Tension decreases only c Length changes 62 What happens in concentric contraction? a Muscle shortens b Muscle stays the same length c Muscle lengthens 63 What happens in eccentric contraction? a No change in length b Muscle shortens under tension c Muscle lengthens under tension 64 Increasing AP frequency affects tension by causing it to: a Decrease b Stay the same c Increase

Muscle & Nerve Essentials

Froggy Jumps

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Muscle & Nerve EssentialsOnline version

by Madison Klemann

How is the modality of a stimulus (type of energy) coded in the nervous system?

The location of a stimulus is primarily determined by:

Which of the following codes for stimulus intensity?

The duration of a stimulus is coded by:

Which of the following is true of specific ascending pathways?

Nonspecific ascending pathways are characterized by:

Which receptor is an example of slow (tonic) adaptation?

Which of the following best describes slowly adapting (tonic) receptors?

Which of the following is an example of a rapidly adapting receptor?

Which of the following best describes rapidly adapting (phasic) receptors?

Chemoreceptors respond to which type of stimulus?

Which receptor type allows humans to see by detecting light?

Which type of stimulus do mechanoreceptors primarily detect?

Thermoreceptors are sensitive to which of the following?

What is the main function of nociceptors?

What is a motor unit? The smallest unit of control:

Which ion channel primarily initiates depolarization in a neuron?

Which muscle type features gap junctions allowing spontaneous activity?

What yields max tension in muscle fibers?

Which is an ATP source for short bursts (<15 seconds)?

Which muscle fiber type is slow-twitch and endurance-oriented?

Which pathway is NO signaling linked to for smooth muscle?

Tetanus in muscles is defined as?

What is saltatory conduction?

What percentage of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Which process moves water across a membrane due to solute differences?

Negative feedback in physiology is primarily for what effect?

Which ion channel type opens in response to ligands?

What enzyme assists in removing phosphate groups covalently?

In skeletal muscle, which filament slides past the other during contraction?

Which vitamin-like molecule guides Ca2+ regulation of contraction?

What is the primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

Which pathway amplifies a signal via cAMP and PKA?

Which type of muscle has intercalated discs and automatic rhythm?

What percentage of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Which process primarily drives capillary material exchange?

Negative feedback in physiology is best described as:

Which is an example of positive feedback?

Primary plasma membrane transport that uses ATP directly is:

Which macromolecule types store genetic information?

Which ion channel type is gated by voltage?

What does the Goldman equation account for in neurons?

In muscle physiology, what shortens during contraction?

Which statement about diffusion is true?

Which subunit exchange GDP for GTP to activate the G protein?

Activation of GPCR leads to activation of which enzyme to raise cAMP?

What is the second messenger produced when cAMP rises?

How many cAMP molecules can a single ligand typically produce through amplification?

Which tonicity causes cells to shrink?

Which tonicity causes cells to swell due to water influx?

What tonicity results in no net water change across the membrane?

Which process brings substance into the cell via vesicles?

Which process releases neurotransmitters from the cell?

Which cell type forms the blood-brain barrier and provides support?

Which muscle types have sarcomeres?

Which muscle types have gap junctions?

Which muscle type has the lowest SR density?

Which muscle type has the fastest contraction speed?

Which muscle type is usually stimulated spontaneously?

During isometric contraction, what happens to muscle length?

During isotonic contraction, what changes?