Matching Pairs PsychOnline version Psych 101 ALL NOTES (Besides 10/13/25 Notes) by Tia Acrey 1 The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called: 2 In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related? 3 ___ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest. 4 Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) ________ reinforcement schedule. 5 What is Stimulus Generalization? 6 ___ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. 7 Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model is known as: 8 ___ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. 9 Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. 10 Operant Conditioning Involves? 11 Which of the following is TRUE of Stimulus Generalization? 12 Classical Conditioning involves? 13 _ is a type of learning which a neutral stimulus brings about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. Classical Conditioning. Continuous. The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. Observational Learning. A learning process where a new or untrained stimulus elicits the same response as a previously learned stimulus, due to their similarity Learning through consequences where behavior is modified based on its outcome. Positively or negatively. Reinforcement. The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization. Operant conditioning. Neutral. Learning. Learning through association where a stimulus triggers an involuntary response. Extinction. 1 What does the Axon do? 2 Which Lobe is involved in visual information? 3 What is the chemical that's used to communicate between neurons? 4 What two Cortex' run the frontal lobe? 5 In the 50's, what would Walter Freeman do? 6 The Left Hemisphere receives information from? 7 Which Lobe of the brain focuses on incoming information? 8 Which Lobe is involved in Motor information? 9 Which Lobe is involved in sensory information? 10 At the end of the Axon is a bunch of ___? 11 Which Lobe is involved in Audible information? 12 What does the Hippocampus do? 13 Agonist is __? 14 What is Longitudinal Studies? 15 What is the Endocrine System? 16 The Right Hemisphere receives information from? 17 What does the Amygdala do? 18 In between the Left and Right Hemispheres is the ___? 19 Which Lobe focuses on outgoing information? 20 What is Parkinson's disease is associated with? Temporal Lobe Corpus Callosum; one whole brain and all information received is processed as one whole. The right identifies objects; the left names objects. Frontal Lobe Sends information from one cell to another cell. Chemicals stored into buttons which releases it into a gap between it and its next neuron. The gap is a Synapse; the chemical is Neurotransmitters. The left side of the body. Neurotransmitter Parietal Lobe A lobotomy tour, and would take out part of a lobe of the brain with an icepick and give his patients brain damage. The prefrontal lobe. Form new memories (especially episodic and spatial memories), spatial navigation, learning, and connecting memories with emotions. Low levels of Dopamine Processes fear and emotions tied to memories. The Frontal Lobe focuses on executive functions, using sensory information to make decisions. The right side of the body. A series of glands that secrete hormones. Occipital Lobe Bringing people in again and again, taking a long time for research. A drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter. Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex. The Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital lobes distributes the task of interpreting and making sense of different types of sensory input. 1 Organization involves __? 2 What is An "Absolute Threshold"? 3 What are the Main Neural Components? 4 Interpretation involves __? 5 Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information? 6 Perception is __? 7 An "Illusory Correlation" is? 8 What are the Main Optical Components? 9 What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? 10 Albert Aimes created? 11 Selections refers to __? 12 What is Episodic Memory? 13 What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? 14 A Bi-Stable Image is __? 15 What is the retina is made up of? 16 Lightness constancy is __? 17 What is a "Difference Threshold"? 18 Human eyes can only detect? 19 Color constancy is __? 20 When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on __; you are comparing the information in front of you with what's already stored in memory. The process of how the brain interprets sensation. Collecting information that involves understanding a pattern. Neurons called rods and cones. The Cornea, The Lens, and The Iris. When you see or remember a correlation and the memory is either incorrect or overemphasized because of the rarity or bizarreness of the event. The Illusionary Room. An optical illusion that distorts a room to make it appear rectangular. The smallest amount of energy a person can detect reliably. (50 percent of the time) There's enough energy for you to actively/immediately detect it. Visible light. Recognition Choosing which of many stimuli will be processed. The difference in stimulation that a person can detect reliably. The act of rapidly changing enough to detect. An image that can be interpreted in one of/or two possible ways. The reason why blue jeans still look blue no matter where you go or what light it's under. The color remains constant to our eyes. 4 plus or minus 1 units of information Memory Collecting the information into some patterns. The Retina, Fovea, and Optic Nerve. Information about events that we have personally/first-handedly experienced. Explicit Memories (Active Memories) What allows us to tell what's within dimly lit situations. Understanding the patterns. 1 Stage four is? 2 When we lose sleep ....? 3 Elaborative Rehearsal involves _____? 4 What is an example of a Mnemonic Device? 5 Sleep rebound is when? 6 How is an Explicit memory different from an Implicit memory? 7 We usually cycle through how many stages of sleep? 8 Stages one to two are light sleep and three to four are deep sleep. During stage three, our cells __? 9 Two main divisions of the nervous system are called? 10 Other states of consciousness include? 11 Cataplexy ... 12 Hypnagogic Hallucinations ... 13 Hypnosis is? 14 Dopamine activity is associated with? 15 Addictive drugs all cause? 16 What is the gap between neurons/neuro transmitters called? 17 A biological rhythm is? 18 Sleep debt is a result of? 19 Melatonin is? 20 Narcolepsy ... Hypnosis. Learning, mood, and reaction time are negatively affected. Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis. A sleep deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep. CNS - Central Nervous System & PNS - Peripheral Nervous System The dream stage where our brains are most active, our eyes dart back and forth behind our closed lids as though we are awake. Is a cardinal symptom of narcolepsy, the loss of voluntary muscle tone while awake or in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. An extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience. Thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory. Are vivid, dream-like hallucinations. Involves an irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours. Often triggers by states of heightened arousal or stress. Using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes. Four, at least five times through a night. Dopamine through the path of natural rewards. Reproduce the most to allow our bodies to repair itself. A hormone found in the endocrine system. An internal cycle of biological activity. Synapse Explicit memories, we actively try to remember and recall. Implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness, are built in/automatic. Reward and craving, which results in it becoming extremely addicting. 1 Hypothalamus is ___? 2 What lobe of the brain processes vision? 3 What does the Frontal Lobe process? 4 What lobe of the brain has motor cortex? 5 Homeostasis is __? The process of which the brain self-regulates to maintain stable internal conditions in order for necessary survival. Occipital Lobe Frontal Lobe A region in the brain that serves as a control center for the feelings of temperature, hunger, stress, thirst and sleep by maintaining homeostasis. Motor Control, Personality, and Social Behavior. 1 What effect do opiates have on the body? 2 Dependent Variable is ___? 3 Experiment is ___? 4 A central idea in the description of hypnosis is the word ___. 5 Which dream theorist referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious?" 6 During which part of sleep are you most likely to dream? 7 The Central Nervous System is made up of ___? 8 What Branch of psychology covers how we cope with stress? 9 The Amygdala process ___? 10 A class of drugs that typically produces visual hallucinations is called ___. 11 Ernestine is undergoing treatment because she gets depressed every winter and her mood improves each spring. She's most likely diagnosed with ___. 12 Which one of the following describes insomnia? 13 The activation-synthesis theory proposes that ___. 14 The Electrical charge that sends information to another cell is called __? 15 What does the Axon do? 16 What Branch studies conditioning? 17 Which one of the following describes narcolepsy? 18 Independent Variable is ___? 19 Case study is ___? 20 Which of the following is the best definition of consciousness? Action Potential. The Effect. Suggestion. Critics say that not all dreams are as disjointed or as bizarre as the theory predicts. REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming. Cause and Effect The activation-synthesis theory proposes that the cortex tries to make sense of random neural activity by creating dream narratives. Fear. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or actual sleep. Opiates are drugs derived from the opium poppy; they relieve pain and produce euphoria. Seasonal affective disorder is caused by a lack of daily sunshine. The Cause. Consciousness is the awareness of oneself and the environment.. Insomnia means having difficulty falling or staying asleep. Sends information to another cell. Behaviorism and Learning A research method that has one study. Psychedelics typically produce visual hallucinations. Sigmund Freud is quoted to have referred to dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious." The Brain and Spinal Cord. Health Psychology 1 What was the first year that a research laboratory was founded for psychology? 2 What is Functionalism? 3 What is Applied psychology? 4 What is introspection? 5 What is Introspection? 6 What were Functionalists more interested in? 7 What is the DEFINITION of psychology? 8 What is Structuralism? 9 Who invented Structuralism? 10 What is a biological psychologist? 11 What is Psychoanalysis? 12 Who was the first AMERICAN psychologist? What was founded by him? 13 What is Phrenology? 14 Who invented psychotherapy? 15 What is psychology? 16 What is Sociocultural perspective? 17 Who is commonly associated with classical conditioning? 18 In the field of psychology, information is based on what? 19 What is Basic psychology? 20 Who is commonly called the first psychologist? A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior. Understanding the structure & characteristics of the mind through introspection. Ivan Pavlov How mental activities helped organize environmental reactions. The study of psychological issues that have DIRECT practical significance; also, the application of psychological findings. Wilhelm Wundt Sensation & Perception The study of how physical events interact with environmental events to produce memories, perceptions, and behavior. The study of everything about the human experience from the basic workings of the human brain. The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather than for its practical application. Empirical evidence because it's based on rigorous research. The operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism. Sigmund Freud, though his methods were controversial Greek for "study of the mind," is a pseudoscience relating bumps on the head to personality traits. Wilhelm Wundt 1879 A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy (originally formulated by Sigmund Freud) that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. William James founded Functionalism Psych=Soul Ology=Scientific study of Psychology=Scientific study of the mind & behavior The process of examining one's own conscious experience. (Thinking) 1 What is an Experimental Group? 2 What branch studies therapy? 3 What is a Single-blind Study? 4 Inductive Reasoning 5 What is an "Illusory Correlation"? 6 What is the Milgram Experiment? 7 Why is learning Human Genetics important for Psychology Research? 8 What was the Marshmallow Experiment? 9 Genotype vs. Phenotype? 10 What are Sensory Neurons? 11 Why have certain genetic diseases not died off if natural evolution is theorized to make us adaptable? 12 Deductive Reasoning 13 What is a hypothesis? 14 What is a Double-blind Study? 15 What quote did Charles Darwin have about human adaptability? 16 What is a "Correlation"? 17 What is the Monster Test? 18 What research method has one subject? 19 What branch of psychology is interviewing employees? 20 What branch studies language development? Case Study States of consciousness The study of relationships through obedience and authority. A lack of self choice and morality; more care of the command given. Genotype refers to your specific genetic make up only. Whereas the Phenotype is whether or not we observe the characteristics. A relationship between two or more variables that are connected or related to each other. They can be both positive and negative. An experiment which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group but participants do not. Communicate every sense from our outer body to our inner sensors and motors so that they can react accordingly. Conclusions are drawn from observations. Negative conditioning. When told you are lesser, you will perform lesser. "When you're expected to fail, you're more likely to." There can be carriers of only one copy of the gene, but non-effective to activate the disease. Which can also be caused environmentally. The group that is given whatever the test requires. Human Development An experiment which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments. (Controls for participant & experimenter expectations) Results are predicted based on a general premise. They put marshmallows in front of kids and told them not to eat it for 15mins. If they obeyed, they'd be rewarded with a second marshmallow. When you see or remember a relationship/correlation and the memory is either incorrect or overemphasized because of the rarity of the event. Human genetics would refer to nature rather than nurture. Studying human genetics helps with the basics of research. Industrial Organizational Psychology The predictions of how the world will behave if the theory is correct. Usually an "if ___ , then ___ ." statement. And is falsifiable. "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is most adaptable to change."
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