Matching Pairs APES Unit 4Online version 66 Vocab Words by Riley 1 Convergent Boundary 2 Mantle 3 Island arc 4 Subduction 5 Metamorphic rock 6 Sedimentary rock 7 Hot spot 8 Asthenosphere 9 Lithosphere 10 Earthquake 11 Seafloor Spreading 12 Fault 13 Transform boundary 14 Collision zone 15 Divergent Boundary 16 Volcano 17 Magma 18 Plate tectonics 19 Tsunami 20 Core 21 Igneous rock 22 Rock cycle The outermost layer of Earth, including the solid upper mantle and crust. The layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock. A sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy from the movement of tectonic plates. Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure. A chain of islands formed by volcanoes as a result of two tectonic plates coming together and experiencing subduction. An area below the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other. geologic cycle governing constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion. The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion. The process in which the edge of an oceanic plate moves downward beneath the continental plate and is pushed toward the center of Earth. A series of waves in the ocean caused by seismic activity or an undersea volcano that causes a massive displacement of water. Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments. A vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava. A fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust. An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other. An area where one plate moves toward another plate and collides. An area where two continental plates are pushed together and the colliding forces push up the crust to form a mountain range. The innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer. In geology, a place where molten material from Earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere. The layer of Earth above the core, containing magma, the asthenosphere, and the solid upper mantle. Rock formed directly from magma. Molten Rock Caused by a divergent boundary, in which rising magma forms new oceanic crust on the seafloor at the boundaries between those plates. 1 A horizon 2 Porosity 3 Watershed 4 Isolation 5 B horizon 6 Troposphere 7 Physical Weathering 8 E horizon 9 Horizon 10 Water holding capacity 11 Parent material 12 Acid Precipitation 13 Humus 14 Chemical Weathering 15 C horizon 16 Stratosphere 17 Permeability 18 Erosion 19 O horizon 20 Base saturation 21 Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 22 Albedo Incoming solar radiation, which is the main source of energy on Earth. Frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together. Also known as Topsoil. The underlying rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived. The ability of water to move through the soil. A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as color and texture. The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km (10-31 miles) above the surface of Earth. The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition. The amount of water a soil can hold against the draining force of gravity. The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals. Commonly known as subsoil, a soil horizon is composed primarily of mineral material with very little organi matter. The ability of a particular soil to adsorb and release cations. The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. The size of the air spaces between particles. The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both these processes. A zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often, the A horizon. The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface. A layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending up to approximately 16 km (10 miles). All the land in an area that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland. The least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material. The most fully decomposed organic matter in the lowest section of the O horizon. Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Also known as Acid rain. The proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percentage. 1 Gyre 2 Thermosphere 3 Adiabatic heating 4 Atmospheric convection current 5 Thermohaline circulation 6 Ozone 7 Mesosphere 8 Upwelling 9 Ferrell cell 10 Saturation point 11 Adiabatic cooling 12 Polar cell 13 Rain shadow 14 Aqueducts 15 Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) 16 Exosphere 17 Coriolis effect 18 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 19 La Niña 20 Carbon sequestration 21 Hadley cell 22 Latent heat release An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water. Following an El Niño event, trade winds in the South Pacific reverse strongly, causing regions that were hot and dry to become cooler and wetter. The outermost layer of the atmosphere, which extends from 600 to 10,000 km (375-6,200 miles) above the surface of Earth. The deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of Earth. A convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60° N and 60°S and sinks at the poles, 90° N and 90° S. The heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of Earth and decreases in volume. The upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents. The cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands. region w dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on windward side The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere, extending roughly 50 to 85 km (31-53 miles) above the surface of Earth. A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific. A pale blue gas composed of molecules made up of three oxygen atoms (03). The latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge. A large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water. The maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature. The capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells. Global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth. The layer of the atmosphere above the mesosphere, extending 85 to 600 km (53-375 miles) above the surface of Earth. Pipes and canals that move water from where it is abundant to areas where it is scarce. A convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30° N and 30° S.
