GEO-106 Final Quiz

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Talia A.K

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GEO-106 Final Quiz


Froggy Jumps GEO-106 Final QuizOnline version Study questions for the full guide by Talia A.K 1 What is fertility rate? What is replacement rate? a Fertility rate: The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime. Repl b Fertility rate: how many children a family wants. Replacement rate: number of births per 1000 people c Fertility rate: number of births per year. Replacement rate: births needed to grow population. 2 What is the global replacement rate? How does this vary between developed and developing nations? a Global replacement rate: ~2.1 children per woman. Developed nations below replacement; developing na b Global replacement rate: ~1.0 children per woman. All nations above replacement. c Global replacement rate: ~3.5 children per woman. Developed nations above; developing nations below 3 What is the rate of natural increase? a Birth rate + death rate (includes migration). b Death rate − birth rate (negative growth). c Birth rate − death rate (does NOT include migration). 4 How has population increased throughout human history? a Slow growth for most of history → rapid exponential growth starting around the Industrial Revolution b No growth until the 20th century, then sharp decline. c Rapid growth early, then slow in modern times. 5 What are the different types of population pyramids? a Expanding, Stable, Contracting b Broad, Narrow, Flat c Growing, Steady, Shrinking 6 What is biologically productive land? How much is there in the world? a Land suitable for buildings only; about 20 billion hectares. b Land and water that support photosynthesis, food production, and resource renewal; About 12 billion c Land with forests only; about 5 hectares per person. 7 What is a fossil fuel? a Energy-rich substances formed from ancient plant and animal remains. b Renewable energy from sun and wind. c Biological matter used for fertilizer. 8 Under what conditions do fossil fuels form? a Burial under high pressure, high temperature, low oxygen over millions of years. b Exposure to air and sunlight for centuries. c Rapid melting and cooling in oceans. 9 What is a hydrocarbon? a A metal compound used in batteries. b A mineral used for cement formation. c A molecule made of hydrogen + carbon. Liquid hydrocarbons: crude oil; Gaseous hydrocarbons: natural 10 What is a petroleum trap? Two parts? a A geological structure that collects oil/gas. Two parts: Reservoir rock and Cap rock. b A mineral deposit layer with no oil. c A natural sinkhole that stores water and gas. 11 Types of petroleum traps a Structural traps (folds, faults); Stratigraphic traps (changes in rock layers); Salt dome traps b Magnetic traps; Thermal traps; Sand trap traps c Volcanic traps; Glacial traps; Ocean floor traps 12 Alternative sources of oil and natural gas a Coal bed methane; Granite oil; Boreal tar b Hydrogen reserves; Solar kerogen; Wind gas c Oil sands; Oil shale; Methane hydrates 13 What is hydrofracking? How does it work? a Injecting high-pressure water, sand, and chemicals into shale rock to release trapped gas/oil. b Drilling without any fluids to extract gas. c Melting rock to release oil. 14 What is coal? Under what conditions does it form? a A mineral deposit in oceans; forms under high pressure only. b A sedimentary rock made from ancient plant material. Forms in swamps, where plant matter is buried w c A metamorphic rock from coal tar. Forms in deserts with heat. 15 Types of coal a Coalite; Graphite; Kerogen; Bitumen b Peat; Lignite; Bituminous; Anthracite c Coal-sand; Coking coal; Sea coal; Jet coal 16 Environmental impacts of fossil fuels a Improved soil fertility; Increased biodiversity; Lower emissions b Only economic impacts with no environmental effects c Air pollution (CO2, SO2, NOx); Climate change; Acid rain; Oil spills; Habitat destruction 17 What is nuclear fission? a Transmuting elements with catalysts. b Splitting heavy atoms (like uranium) to release energy. c Combining light atoms to release energy. 18 What are radioactive isotopes? Which isotopes are used in nuclear fission? a Isotopes of carbon only; C-12 and C-14. b Stable atoms used in plants. Used in fission: H-1 and He-4. c Atoms with unstable nuclei that decay over time. Used in fission: U-235 and Pu-239. 19 What is a half-life? a The time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay. b Time for a substance to double in mass. c Time for all material to decay completely. 20 Where do we find uranium? a In Earth's crust, especially in granites and sedimentary rocks; mined in Canada, Kazakhstan, Austral b Only in seawater near volcanic regions. c Primarily in meteorites and space dust. 21 Concerns with nuclear fission a Low energy output; No waste; Easy security. b Radioactive waste; Meltdowns; Security risks; High cost c Unlimited fuel; No environmental concerns. 22 What is nuclear fusion? a Combining light atoms (like hydrogen isotopes) to release energy. b Converting elements into gold. c Splitting heavy atoms to release energy. 23 Which isotopes are used? Where does fusion occur naturally? a U-235 and Pu-239; Occurs in Earth's core. b Deuterium and tritium; Occurs naturally in the Sun and stars. c Carbon-12 and Nitrogen-14; Occurs in lightning. 24 Benefits of nuclear fusion a Immediate practicality; No engineering challenges. b Morin minimal energy; Produces more waste; Rare fuel. c Huge energy output; No long-lived radioactive waste; Very abundant fuel 25 Limitations a No scientific challenges; Already in wide use. b Excessively cheap and easy to implement. c Not yet technologically practical; Extremely high temperatures required 26 What is solar power? a Energy from sound waves in sunlight. b Energy from burning fossil fuels with sunlight. c Energy from sunlight used for heating or electricity. 27 Passive vs. Active solar energy a Passive: uses wind; Active: uses water. b Passive: building design captures heat naturally; Active: solar collectors and pumps. c Passive: uses electricity; Active: uses chemistry. 28 What is a thermal mass? Useful types? a Material that stores heat; Examples: concrete, brick, water, stone. b A device that converts heat to light. c Material that blocks heat transfer. 29 What is solar electricity? a Electricity generated from wind heat. b Using photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert sunlight to electricity. c Heat-based power plants using mirrors. 30 Limitations of solar power a Unlimited storage; Free maintenance. b Intermittent (clouds, night); High land use; Upfront costs c Constant availability; No land use; Negative costs. 31 What is geothermal energy? a Energy from wind only underground. b Using Earth’s internal heat to produce electricity or heating. c Energy from oceans and tides. 32 Limitations a Unlimited geographic availability; No environmental impact. b Very cheap with no upfront costs. c Limited geographic availability; Can induce minor earthquakes; High upfront drilling costs 33 What is hydropower? a Electricity produced by burning water vapor. b Electricity produced by moving water (dams, rivers). c Electricity produced by wind under water. 34 Problems with traditional hydropower a Low initial cost; No maintenance. b Increase in biodiversity; No ecological impact. c Fish migration disruption; Ecosystem flooding; Sediment trapping; Displacement of communities 35 Forms of ocean hydropower a Hydrogen power; Deep-sea combustion b Tidal power; Wave energy; Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) c Underwater wind farms; Submarine solar; Saline turbines 36 What is wind power? a Turbines store wind energy for heating. b Turbines convert water energy into electricity. c Turbines convert wind energy into electricity. 37 Issues with wind power a Always reliable; No wildlife impact; No visual footprint. b Too cheap; No maintenance needs. c Intermittency; Noise; Bird/bat deaths; Visual concerns 38 Methods to improve wind power a Better turbine design; Offshore wind farms; Energy storage systems; Smarter grid integration b Stop using grids; Solar only. c Reduce turbine size; Land-only farms; No storage. 39 What are biofuels? Types? a Nuclear fuels; Plasmatic fuels. b Fossil energy; Coal, oil, gas. c Energy from organic material. Ethanol; Biodiesel; Biogas 40 What is ethanol? Most common blend? a Alcohol from petroleum; Common blend: E50. b Alcohol made from fermented crops (corn, sugarcane). Common blend: E10 c Ethanol from algae; Common blend: E85. 41 How is hydrogen gas used to produce energy? a In chemical batteries only; No water produced. b In fuel cells, hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce electricity and water. c In combustion engines only; No electricity. 42 Benefits of hydrogen a Only useful in small devices; Non-renewable fuel. b Pollution and waste; Low efficiency. c Clean emissions (only water); High efficiency 43 Disadvantages a Easily stored; No energy to produce; Inexpensive infrastructure. b Hard to store/transport; Requires energy to produce hydrogen; Expensive infrastructure c No challenges; Widely available now. 44 What is municipal vs. nonmunicipal solid waste? a Municipal: industrial waste only. Nonmunicipal: household waste. b Municipal: waste from farms only. Nonmunicipal: city waste. c Municipal: household and commercial waste. Nonmunicipal: industrial, mining, and agricultural waste. 45 Methods of municipal waste disposal a Ocean dumping; Deep drilling; Direct burial in forests. b Landfills; Incineration; Recycling; Composting c Sweetening; Distillation; Fermentation 46 What is toxic waste? How was it historically disposed? a Waste with no danger; Always stored safely. b Only household waste; Never dumped. c Dangerous chemical or radioactive waste. Historically dumped in landfills, rivers, oceans, undergrou 47 What is biomagnification? a Toxins evenly distributed in all organisms. b Decrease in toxins up the food chain. c Increase in toxin concentration as it moves up the food chain. 48 What is sewage? a Clean drinkable water. b Wastewater from homes and businesses. c Industrial solid waste only. 49 What is a septic system? a A municipal plant for entire city. b Home wastewater treatment where solids settle in a tank and liquid drains through a leach field. c A groundwater filtration unit. 50 Municipal sewage system phases a Primary: chemical; Secondary: physical; Tertiary: none. b Primary: remove solids; Secondary: biological treatment; Tertiary: chemical/advanced treatment (nutr c Primary: heating; Secondary: cooling; Tertiary: filtering only. 51 Radioactive waste disposal methods a Ocean dumping; Open-air storage; Recycling into fuel. b Burning; Immediate reuse; Inert storage. c Deep geological storage; Dry cask storage; Sealed underground repositories 52 Residence time a The average time water or a pollutant stays in a system (lake, atmosphere). b Time water stays in atmosphere only. c Time for water to travel around the world. 53 Point sources + examples a Single identifiable source. Examples: factories, wastewater pipes, oil spills. b Diffuse sources from wide areas. Examples: fields, streets. c Biological sources only; plants and animals. 54 Nonpoint sources + examples a Industrial only; not associated with land runoff. b Diffuse sources. Examples: farms, urban runoff, lawns. c Single identifiable source like a pipe. 55 Difference between aerobic and anaerobic decay a Aerobic: no oxygen; methane only. Anaerobic: with oxygen; clean. b Aerobic: with oxygen; cleaner breakdown. Anaerobic: without oxygen; produces methane, smells bad. c Both are the same; no difference. 56 What is eutrophication? a Oxygen-rich water promoting fish growth. b Nutrient overload → algal blooms → oxygen loss → fish death. c Clean water with no algae. 57 Agricultural pollution + impacts a Fertilizers, pesticides, animal waste; Impacts: Eutrophication, Groundwater contamination, Soil degr b Only beneficial; improves soil. c No environmental impacts. 58 Toxic metals + examples a Lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic. b Sodium, potassium, calcium. c Gold, silver, platinum. 59 What are PCBs? a Polychlorinated biphenyls used in plastics; biodegradable. b A type of mineral salt. c Industrial chemicals used in coolants and electrical equipment; persistent and toxic. 60 What is DDT? Effects? a A fertilizer; Improves crops with no ecological effect. b A pesticide. Effects: Biomagnifies; Harms birds (thin eggshells); Long-term environmental persistenc c A fuel additive; No environmental impact. 61 Methods to remove pollutants from surface water a Burning water; Nuclear filtration; Magnetic separation. b Filtration; Activated charcoal; Chemical precipitation; Aeration; Biological treatment c Only settling tanks; No chemical aids. 62 How is groundwater polluted? Why is treatment difficult? a Polluted by air; Quick natural purification. b Polluted by leaking storage tanks, agricultural chemicals, landfills, septic systems; Difficult due c Pollution from rainfall only; Easy to treat.

GEO-106 Final Quiz

Froggy Jumps

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Created by

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GEO-106 Final QuizOnline version

by Talia A.K

What is fertility rate? What is replacement rate?

What is the global replacement rate? How does this vary between developed and developing nations?

What is the rate of natural increase?

How has population increased throughout human history?

What are the different types of population pyramids?

What is biologically productive land? How much is there in the world?

What is a fossil fuel?

Under what conditions do fossil fuels form?

What is a hydrocarbon?

What is a petroleum trap? Two parts?

Types of petroleum traps

Alternative sources of oil and natural gas

What is hydrofracking? How does it work?

What is coal? Under what conditions does it form?

Types of coal

Environmental impacts of fossil fuels

What is nuclear fission?

What are radioactive isotopes? Which isotopes are used in nuclear fission?

What is a half-life?

Where do we find uranium?

Concerns with nuclear fission

What is nuclear fusion?

Which isotopes are used? Where does fusion occur naturally?

Benefits of nuclear fusion

Limitations

What is solar power?

Passive vs. Active solar energy

What is a thermal mass? Useful types?

What is solar electricity?

Limitations of solar power

What is geothermal energy?

Limitations

What is hydropower?

Problems with traditional hydropower

Forms of ocean hydropower

What is wind power?

Issues with wind power

Methods to improve wind power

What are biofuels? Types?

What is ethanol? Most common blend?

How is hydrogen gas used to produce energy?

Benefits of hydrogen

Disadvantages

What is municipal vs. nonmunicipal solid waste?

Methods of municipal waste disposal

What is toxic waste? How was it historically disposed?

What is biomagnification?

What is sewage?

What is a septic system?

Municipal sewage system phases

Radioactive waste disposal methods

Residence time

Point sources + examples

Nonpoint sources + examples

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic decay

What is eutrophication?

Agricultural pollution + impacts

Toxic metals + examples

What are PCBs?

What is DDT? Effects?

Methods to remove pollutants from surface water