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Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Mastery (Fill in the Blanks)Online version
Practice fluid compartments, balance, and electrolytes.
A
patient
presents
with
that
improves
with
diuretics
.
This
is
typical
of
a
fluid
shift
in
the
__________
space
,
where
excess
fluid
accumulates
in
dependent
areas
but
can
be
mobilized
by
diuresis
.
In
contrast
,
edema
in
which
fluid
is
trapped
in
a
may
be
seen
after
severe
burns
and
is
less
responsive
to
diuretics
,
a
phenomenon
known
as
:
__________
.
Normal
fluid
balance
relies
on
intake
and
output
,
typically
around
a
similar
volume
per
day
.
The
organ
chiefly
responsible
for
regulating
fluid
output
is
the
,
which
adjust
and
solute
excretion
to
maintain
balance
.
When
intake
markedly
exceeds
output
,
examples
include
excess
retention
of
water
with
weight
gain
and
edema
,
whereas
lowers
interstitial
and
intravascular
volumes
.
A
common
clinical
sign
of
dehydration
is
skin
tenting
and
dry
mucous
membranes
,
followed
by
tachycardia
:
__________
.
The
major
extracellular
cation
is
,
while
the
major
intracellular
cation
is
.
An
Na
+
level
of
150
mEq
/
L
indicates
hypernatremia
and
can
cause
symptoms
such
as
confusion
,
irritability
,
and
seizures
.
Potassium
is
critical
for
cardiac
rhythm
and
muscle
contraction
.
Regulation
of
potassium
is
primarily
through
the
hormone
acting
on
the
kidneys
,
but
cell
shifts
also
occur
with
acid
-
base
disturbances
:
__________
.
Acid
-
base
balance
is
maintained
by
,
the
lungs
,
and
the
kidneys
.
The
first
line
of
defense
against
pH
changes
is
chemical
buffers
such
as
bicarbonate
and
phosphate
in
the
plasma
and
cells
.
The
most
important
buffer
system
in
the
body
is
the
.
The
respiratory
system
regulates
pH
by
removing
or
retaining
CO2
;
hypoventilation
causes
CO2
retention
leading
to
a
metabolic
shift
called
respiratory
__________
,
whereas
hyperventilation
causes
loss
of
CO2
leading
to
respiratory
__________
.
ABG
interpretation
uses
the
method
:
Respiratory
Opposite
,
Metabolic
Equal
.
For
example
,
a
pH
7
.
32
with
CO2
50
mmHg
indicates
with
metabolic
compensation
not
yet
complete
.
The
patient
with
pH
7
.
48
and
CO2
30
mmHg
has
metabolic
alkalosis
with
respiratory
compensation
.
If
pH
is
7
.
30
and
HCO3
-
is
18
mEq
/
L
,
this
reflects
with
inadequate
compensation
:
__________
.
The
body
?
s
percentage
varies
with
age
and
adiposity
.
In
young
adults
,
water
content
is
highest
in
lean
tissues
;
as
age
increases
and
adipose
tissue
becomes
more
prominent
,
total
body
water
decreases
.
The
fluid
compartment
between
the
cells
and
blood
vessels
is
the
and
plasma
,
both
part
of
the
.
Fluid
located
outside
cells
but
within
tissue
spaces
is
called
interstitial
fluid
:
__________
.
Vital
signs
and
skin
findings
guide
dehydration
assessment
.
Skin
tenting
,
dry
mucous
membranes
,
and
tachycardia
suggest
due
to
dehydration
,
while
rapid
weight
gain
and
edema
indicate
fluid
overload
.
Edema
in
the
lungs
(
)
is
a
form
of
edema
affecting
the
respiratory
system
,
whereas
involves
the
brain
:
__________
.
The
hormone
-
regulated
sensation
that
drives
helps
regulate
fluid
intake
.
Thirst
is
primarily
triggered
by
increased
plasma
and
decreased
blood
volume
.
The
mechanism
involves
osmoreceptors
in
the
that
respond
to
changes
in
osmolality
and
angiotensin
II
during
volume
depletion
:
__________
.
Electrolyte
balance
includes
the
following
relationships
:
is
the
chief
extracellular
cation
,
the
chief
intracellular
cation
,
and
calcium
/
magnesium
participate
in
neuromuscular
function
.
A
low
sodium
state
(
hyponatremia
)
can
cause
confusion
and
seizures
as
the
brain
adapts
to
hypo
-
osmolality
.
The
electrolyte
that
follows
sodium
to
maintain
electrical
neutrality
and
is
closely
tied
to
is
:
__________
.
In
acid
-
base
terms
,
is
characterized
by
low
HCO3
-
and
a
low
pH
,
while
respiratory
alkalosis
shows
a
high
pH
with
low
CO2
.
Deep
,
rapid
breathing
seen
in
metabolic
acidosis
is
called
.
The
slowest
but
most
powerful
regulator
of
acid
-
base
balance
is
the
,
which
excrete
H
+
and
reabsorb
bicarbonate
to
restore
pH
:
__________
.
Average
adult
fluid
intake
and
output
in
24
hours
should
be
approximately
,
give
or
take
based
on
body
size
and
activity
.
The
organ
primarily
responsible
for
regulating
fluid
output
is
the
.
When
intake
is
800
mL
and
output
is
2300
mL
in
24
hours
,
the
condition
is
,
with
negative
fluid
balance
:
__________
.
An
type
resulting
from
increased
capillary
hydrostatic
pressure
or
decreased
plasma
leads
to
fluid
accumulation
in
interstitial
spaces
.
from
liver
disease
is
an
example
of
generalized
edema
due
to
hepatic
portal
hypertension
and
low
oncotic
pressure
.
The
fluid
movement
into
interstitial
spaces
constitutes
edema
with
potential
third
spacing
:
__________
.
A
patient
with
severe
burns
may
develop
fluid
trapped
in
nonfunctional
spaces
due
to
,
a
condition
altering
intravascular
volume
.
This
nonfunctional
accumulation
of
fluid
is
described
as
,
a
phenomenon
separate
from
interstitial
.
The
process
can
significantly
affect
blood
pressure
and
tissue
perfusion
:
__________
.
Normal
distribution
of
body
fluids
is
called
.
When
fluids
shift
from
the
extracellular
to
the
intracellular
space
due
to
,
cells
swell
.
Conversely
,
dehydration
lowers
intracellular
volume
.
The
type
of
fluid
movement
is
best
described
as
a
driven
by
osmolality
changes
:
__________
.
A
70
kg
adult
has
an
estimated
around
42
L
.
accounts
for
about
two
-
thirds
of
TBW
,
and
extracellular
fluid
accounts
for
about
one
-
third
.
The
extracellular
space
comprises
and
interstitial
fluid
.
The
term
for
the
fluid
within
blood
vessels
is
plasma
,
while
the
fluid
outside
cells
but
within
tissue
is
interstitial
fluid
:
__________
.
due
to
fluid
loss
triggers
baroreceptor
-
mediated
signals
resulting
in
increased
heart
rate
and
vasoconstriction
to
preserve
perfusion
.
Skin
findings
include
tachycardia
and
mucous
membrane
dryness
.
The
rate
of
falls
,
and
serum
osmolality
may
rise
.
Appropriate
management
includes
to
restore
volume
:
__________
.
features
fluid
in
the
alveolar
spaces
,
impairing
gas
exchange
.
It
may
occur
due
to
heart
failure
or
fluid
overload
.
involves
the
brain
and
can
cause
headaches
,
confusion
,
or
herniation
if
severe
.
Edema
types
can
be
classified
as
,
intracellular
,
or
transcompartmental
:
__________
.
regulation
integrates
signals
from
and
volume
receptors
.
The
interprets
increased
plasma
osmolality
as
a
thirst
stimulus
,
prompting
fluid
intake
.
This
mechanism
helps
maintain
serum
osmolality
close
to
a
narrow
range
.
The
key
regulator
of
thirst
is
:
__________
.
The
principal
extracellular
cation
is
;
the
principal
intracellular
cation
is
.
An
isolated
rise
in
sodium
without
accompanying
water
can
lead
to
hypernatremia
,
manifesting
with
thirst
and
neurologic
symptoms
.
Potassium
balance
is
regulated
by
in
the
kidneys
and
by
insulin
and
acid
-
base
status
in
cells
:
__________
.
A
patient
with
Na
+
150
mEq
/
L
experiences
,
which
can
cause
confusion
and
due
to
brain
cell
dehydration
.
Corrective
therapy
involves
careful
to
avoid
rapid
shifts
that
could
lead
to
cerebral
edema
.
The
condition
described
is
:
__________
.
is
essential
for
resting
membrane
potential
and
cardiac
conduction
.
Its
levels
are
tightly
controlled
by
and
cellular
uptake
.
A
potassium
imbalance
can
cause
muscle
weakness
or
arrhythmias
.
The
hormone
most
closely
linked
to
potassium
excretion
is
:
__________
.
A
patient
with
muscle
spasms
and
tetany
most
likely
has
a
deficiency
of
or
,
depending
on
the
presentation
.
Tetany
is
classically
associated
with
low
causing
neuromuscular
excitability
.
The
electrolyte
linked
to
neuromuscular
excitability
is
:
__________
.
deficiency
can
predispose
to
system
instability
,
including
dysrhythmias
and
neuromuscular
irritability
.
Magnesium
follows
and
interacts
with
in
regulating
conduction
and
muscle
tone
.
The
electrolyte
involved
is
:
__________
.
often
moves
with
to
maintain
;
it
also
participates
in
acid
-
base
balance
as
a
major
anion
.
Low
chloride
can
accompany
metabolic
alkalosis
,
while
high
chloride
may
accompany
metabolic
acidosis
in
some
scenarios
.
The
electrolyte
that
commonly
follows
sodium
to
maintain
neutrality
is
:
__________
.
Normal
blood
.
A
pH
of
7
.
30
indicates
requiring
investigation
of
the
underlying
disturbance
.
If
CO2
is
high
,
the
condition
is
metabolic
compensation
ongoing
for
respiratory
acidosis
;
if
CO2
is
low
,
the
body
has
compensated
via
hyperventilation
.
The
standard
reference
range
for
pH
is
:
__________
.
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