Memory Game Planning theory begrippen – MemoryspelOnline version Match de kernbegrippen uit de planningstheorie met korte definities. by Eva Anti-progressive planning Empirical theory Not only reflects upon society but can also shape it in a way that natural sciences cannot. We should move beyond modernity and accept that there is no such thing as absolute truth Social theory Planning has the potential to oppress subordinate groups and is structurally devised to exert control and oppression Depoliticisation Explains and interprets reality and focuses on causal relationships and dependent and independent variables. Prescriptive theory Works by explaining the outcome of places as being the product of four different rationalities: hierarchy, ind Modernism Focuses more on a series of techniques that defer and displace debate from planning into other, managerial or technical (post-political) arenas Postmodern planning A broad process of change and direction of travel that highlights the shifts in the nature of contemporary planning Any attempt to make stakeholders agree on a common future A movement promoting rational thought and social organization as a way to free humanity from superstition, arbitrary power, and irrationality Monorationality Polyrationality How to go about things, or the means; How to act in this world. Post-politicisation or post-politics Complex adaptive systems (CAS); capable of transforming while remaining robust Science is not separate from society but is instead thoroughly political Class III Circular or feedback of static groups or patterns; Oscillation between fixed states Open, network, informal, chaotic; No predictable patterns or stability Ideas we have that are not yet fully proven, we are working on it. (uncertain); Can this abstraction contribute to understanding? Conceptual frameworks Proto theory Simple representations and pictures of reality that do not always include hypotheses but are still testable. Closed, yes or no, on or off, living or dead; Steady equilibrium state Post-structuralist Neo-liberalism Class II Linguistic analysis of situations and ideas leading to perspectives and critiques that might otherwise be lost. Models Reject a single, totalising way of knowing Seeks to understand and explain the purpose and impacts of planning as a function of the capitalist mode of production Actor-Network Theory (ANT) Class I Class IV Structuralism What happens trough time; moments of stability where a market place stays a market place Framing theories The subtle or overt dominance of one group’s power, culture, or worldview over others. Complexity theory Exogenous theory Communicative theory The degree of complexity is seen as a measure for uncertainty Policy makers cannot and do not think big City grows; grass turns into stone, farmland in turned into houses Does not see planning issues as ‘realities’ in the outside world, they are seen as the abstract constructions of the various people involved First order transition Although capital is diverse and often in competition it nevertheless depends upon certain basic factors to enable it to create surplus value and profit Second order transition Incrementalism Critical theory Draws upon empirical and metaphysical bases and is akin to some respects to the Kuhnian idea of paradigms Do not provide a holistic or general theoretical understanding of society but focus instead on a particular element of society Hemegony The essence is to change society rather than simply understand and analyse it. Object-oriented dimension (O) The physical and social reality that could be subject to policy-based or planning based intervention, now or in the future Posited planners as professionals at the centre of the societal universe, pulling the levers of control. The organisation and communication of, and participation in, decision-making and policy The choices made in the decision-making process Intersubjective dimension (I) Horizontal governance Unicentric approach focuses on resolving societal issues from a single central point of governance Is in a way an implicit acceptance of uncertainty Technical approach Tries to respond to these weaknesses, although the issue is still taken as predefined, and the focus remains on content and goals. Pluricentric governance Instrumentally rational approach Vertical governance Communicative or participative approach Scenario approach Multicentric approach does not focus so much on governance, but rather on the stimulation of societal progress through exchange by actors whose function is primarily that of market player Central government and local actors/institutions are ‘interwoven’ and policy relating to societal development Subject-based, rational dimension (S) Takes the planning issue as predefined, and focuses on content and goals, resulting in blueprint planning Is associated with strongly centralized systems of governmental power Emphasizes the planning process rather than the realisation of targets Planning-oriented action Assumes a more flexible organisation iwthin which obtaining full information and control is no longer a realistic option Entity Something that exists by itself Internal complexity If the problem is linked to the contextual environment in which it arose, it is logical that influences from that environment will affect the problem and the assessment of the problem Command planning Any action performed by individuals, groups or organisations that is designed to achieve goals in a systematic way by making and implementing choices and decisions Corporate planning Participant planning Policies planning Emphasising the importance of the socio-political context, with a particular interest in the contradictions of capitalism and the victims this socio-political context allegedly produced Incrementalists’ planning Occurs under conditions where power to implement decisions resides in community forms of social organization and, consequently, is dispersed Is “the exercise of human will, both in the conception of a preferred future and the implementation of the steps that are established to lead us to that future” Radical social theory The coherence of the individual elements that form the object of study are perceived as complex and subject to change External complexity Crisis Ways to understand of and looking at the world A cause leads to an effect indirectly, often through a delay or intermediate factors. One event immediately produces another in a clear cause-and-effect chain. Circular causality Direct causality Weltenshauungen A rejection of positivist understandings and methodologies and embraces instead approaches that contextualise theories and disciplines in larger social and historical contexts. Causes and effects influence each other in a feedback loop, with no single starting point. A disruption that physically effects a system as a whole and threatens its basic assumptions, its subjective sense of self, its existential core Procedural planning theory (PPT) Conflates systems and rational planning into a broad category, with an overlap between the two areas of social and economic change; Includes both systems approach and rational planning approach Value rationality Wertrational Rational planning Goal rationality Zweckrational Post-positivism Remote causality Scientific and objective methods; makes the crucial distinction between formal (means) and substantive (ends) rationality that systems planning fail to do. The view that reality, truth, or society is shaped by multiple perspectives, values, or groups rather than a single dominant one. An acceptance that cities and regions are complex sets of connected parts, which are in constant flux Pragmatism A modern philosophical approach that judges ideas by their practical consequences and usefulness in real-life contexts rather than by objective or absolute truth. Substantive rationality Planners managed to proceed in the face of opposition through their self-belief in a comprehensive social planning Formal rationality Bureaucratic evangelism Concerns ends and their evaluation. Reason and logic are still employed at the expense of instincts or tradition but clearly involve more than simply efficiency or effectiveness The decision-maker considers all the alternatives open to them, identifies and evaluates all the consequences and selects the alternative of which the probable consequences would be preferable Concerned with means and efficiency; given ends and objectives, it will seek to meet those ends in the most efficient way A philosophical approach that defines truth and meaning by what works in practice and produces useful, practical results. Ironist Pluralism Neo-pragmatism Rational decision Systems theory Urban areas and planning cannot be treated as objects of study separate from society One who uses irony or the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning will speak and act in line with liberal philosophy Marxist theory The state exists as an expression of the repressive might of the ruling class Seen as providing the necessary interventions and conditions for capitalism to reproduce itself The state is understood as providing a unity and cohesion of social formation by sanctioning class domination The repressive arm of the bourgeoisie Fuzzy models A factor of cohesion An instrument of the ruling class Rational choices concerning theories and beliefs about matters of fact An ideal collective capitalist Collaborative planning Sees the state as an instrument for enforcing and guaranteeing the stability of the class structure itself Advocacy planning A planning approach where stakeholders work together through dialogue and negotiation to reach shared decisions and solutions. Institutional change, resulting in hybrid governance systems that include different combinations of the various features of the coordinative, competitive and communicative models of governance Radical pragmatism Instrumental rationalism A planning approach focused on representing and promoting the interests of marginalized or underrepresented groups in decision-making processes. Where a planner recognises the unequal distribution of power and seeks to work toward alternatives Nietzsche's modernism The world had been reduced to one form of reasoning that excludes all others An integral strategy should emphasise the different issues, among other things, and reflect the frameworks and preconditions of policy Multi-objective approach ROM-gebieden (designed Spatial Planning & Environment areas) Institution-Orient Action Means attacking problems of planning in a rational, straightforward, systematic way, characterized by a number of attitudes which a systems analyst and designer should have IEZ (integrated Environmental Zoning) Individuals are only able to express themselves as actors in an institutionalised environment, within which they participate according to predominant patterns of communication and interaction. Innovative instrument based on shared responsibility Institutional networks Systems analysis Innovative instrument based on central environmental standards The term ‘performance’ refers to the links between actors and institutions
Test your memory with this fun and challenging memory game about various topics from Memozor.