Matching Pairs Modules 3, 4, & 5Online version Key terms for the following modules by Andrea Navarro 1 exponential growth curves (J-curves) 2 Species 3 Population Density 4 Jet Stream 5 Density-Independent 6 Ecosystem 7 logistic growth curves (S-curves) 8 Population 9 Biomes 10 Community 11 Population Size 12 carrying capacity 13 invasive species 14 Density-Dependent factos whose effect increase with crowding (diseases, sickness) factors that influence the growth rate of a population but do not regulate population size (storms, floods) populations whose members share characteristics - can freely breed and produce fertile offspring cold and warm air mixing total number in relation to space total number in a specific area group of individuals of the same species that live in a particular region at a particular time an assemblage of different populations of different species living in the same space modeling growth that starts exponentially, accelerates, and then decelerates as it approaches a maximum capacity (carrying capacity) depict populations increasing by a constant percentage over time - a slow initial phase followed by a rapid, near-vertical explosion in numbers size of a species that a specific environment can sustainably support over the long term without degrading the habitat an assemblage of all living and non-living entities that interact in the same place at the same time non-native organisms that cause harm to an ecosystem are defined by climate (temperature and precipitation) and plant growth form 1 photosynthesis 2 primary consumers 3 respiration 4 trophic web 5 trophic levels 6 decomposers 7 tertiary consumers 8 detritivores 9 net primary production 10 autotrophs 11 secondary consumers 12 gross primary production organisms that occupy the third trophic level in a food chain, feeding primarily on primary consumers herbivores or omnivores that form the second trophic level by feeding directly on producers total rate at which photosynthetic producers (plants, algae) capture and store solar energy organisms that ingest, digest, and physically break down dead material top-level predators, often at the apex of the food chain, that primarily consume secondary consumers breaking down glucose using oxygen to produce ATP energy for growth, repair, and maintenance, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts produce their own food organisms that break down dead organisms and release the nutrients from the dead matter into the environment around them. network of feeding relationships—who eats whom—within an ecosystem energy remaining after producers use some for respiration Production drops 5-20% after each level and 10% of energy is transferred from one level to another convert light energy (sunlight), water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (chemical energy) and oxygen 1 late-successional species 2 competition 3 primary succession 4 keystone species 5 k-selection strategists 6 habitat 7 warning coloration 8 r-selection strategists 9 secondary succession 10 resource partitioning 11 mutualistic 12 Parasitism 13 mimicry 14 specialists 15 competitive exclusion principle 16 predation 17 pioneer species 18 population dynamics 19 interspecific competition 20 generalists 21 early-successional species 22 crypsis 23 induced defenses 24 intraspecific competition 25 coevolution 26 constitutive defenses 27 niche phenotypic protective mechanisms in plants and animals that are activated upon detecting threats small species that kickstart an ecosystem (the first to arrive) (moss, etc.) two or more species cannot coexist indefinitely using the same limited resource camaflouge fast-growing, sun-loving "pioneer" organisms—such as grasses, weeds, shrubs, and pine trees require narrow, specific conditions or diets, making them highly efficient in stable habitats but vulnerable to extinction if conditions shift long-lived, slow-growing organisms that dominate mature, stable ecosystems (climax communities) after soil has been enriched by earlier species parasite lives on, in, or within another (host), and depends on it for existence low biotic potential with high paternal investment (fewer offspring and years of investment) natural environment where an organism lives and finds essential resources some species competing for resources (and mates) animals use vivid colors to advertise toxicity, venom, or distastefulness to predators thrive in varied, changing environments by utilizing diverse food sources and habitats the process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution through natural selection, acting as mutual selective pressures refers to the role of the organism in its habitat (profession) The impact is massive if removed from the environment - the ecosystem would break/fall down any use of defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource of other individuals "win-win" interaction between different species where both organisms benefit high biotic potential with minimal parental investments (lots of offspring and small/underdeveloped offspring) pre-existing, permanent physical or chemical traits that organisms, particularly plants, maintain at all times for protection based on reproduction strategies The process where similar species divide limited resources to reduce competition and coexist in the same environment different species competing for resources (not mates) ecosystem starts "from scratch" palatable species (mimic) resemble unpalatable species (model) vestiges of the original community present A predator feeds on other living organisms, typically a different species 1 Conservation ecology 2 narrow niches 3 mass extinctions 4 alien species 5 natural selection 6 fitness 7 artificial selection 8 biodiversity hotspots 9 Rewilding 10 Reclamation 11 Endangered Species Act of 1973 12 intermediate disturbance hypothesis 13 differential survival and reproduction 14 adaptation 15 Captive breeding 16 conservation 17 baseline extinction rates 18 extirpated 19 Longitudinal gradient of biodiversity 20 biological evolution 21 evolution 22 invasive species 23 specialist species 24 Restoration ecology 25 umbrella species 26 habitat alteration change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation natural rate of species loss (0.1 to 1 species per million species a year - w/o human influence, only one species might go extinct every 1–4 years) involves the reintroduction of species that have been extirpated from a region Heritable genetic variation coupled with a changing environment leads to ... change in the gene pool of a population over time Animals, plants, or microorganisms introduced by human action into areas outside their natural range - need human intervention to survive non-native plants, animals, or pathogens that spread rapidly and cause significant economic, environmental, or health harm species that survives only within a very limited range of environmental conditions, specific food sources, or restricted habitats protect species, habitats and ecosystems from biodiversity loss short geological period in which a high percentage of global biodiversity (approx. or more of species) vanishes species that has been eliminated or destroyed within a specific geographic area, region, or habitat, though it may still exist elsewhere in the world attempts to maintain populations in captivity when extinct in the wild (Zoos) conservation strategy that focuses on a species with large habitat requirements (and thus protects other species) organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring trying to keep the area intact describes the trend of equatorial regions having the highest biodiversity, and polar regions having the lowest biodiversity designed to prevent the extinction of fish, wildlife, and plants by protecting species and their critical habitats allows conservation ecologists to spend time, effort, and funding on regions of particularly high biodiversity essentially states that a little disruption is a good thing, diversity-wise. differential survival/reproductive success based on conscious human decisions the practice of renewing and restoring land that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed by human activities process of restoring and rehabilitating land or ecosystems that have been disturbed or destroyed by industrial activity or resource extraction The "currency" of evolutionary success, defined as the ability of an organism to survive and produce offspring in a specific environment Heritable, beneficial traits that improve an organism's fit to its environment. organisms adapted to thrive in narrow ecological niches, requiring specific habitats, limited diets, or precise environmental conditions to survive The process of change in populations over generations, driven by natural selection acting on these adaptations. modification of natural environments—through agriculture, urbanization, logging, pollution—that disrupts ecosystem structure, function, biodiversity 1 four stages of the demographic transition 2 age structure pyramids 3 stage 1 4 positive feedback loop 5 stage 3 6 density-independent 7 TFR = total fertility rate 8 replacement fertility 9 doubling time 10 stage 2 11 IPAT model 12 stage 4 13 zero population growth 14 density-dependent 15 Tragedy of the Commons average number of children a woman must have to exactly replace herself and her partner, stabilizing a population over time without immigration limit population growth based on density, intensifying as populations increase, typically biotic (Impact = Population x Affluence (wealth) x Technology [x Sensitivity]) affect populations regardless of density, often abiotic and causing sudden population crashes Early Expanding (High births, falling deaths, rapid growth) divided by gender—males on the left, females on the right—in a population Low Stationary (Low births/deaths, stable/zero growth) the average number of children a woman would have if she lived through her childbearing years High Stationary (High births/deaths, slow growth). An increase in output leads to a further increase in output - rapid movement away from initial conditions - not always positive Late Expanding (Declining births, low deaths, slow growth) The amount of time a population takes to double in size - Exponential growth is neither sustainable nor self-regulating - TD = 70/r (70/2 = 35 years) individuals, acting in self-interest, will overexploit shared resources, leading to depletion population remains stable, neither growing nor declining, because the number of births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration population change over time, moving from high birth/death rates to low, stable rates due to development
Match the key terms descriptions to the Balance Sheet and Income Statement classifications