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diagnostics

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diagnostics
 

Crossword Puzzle

diagnosticsOnline version

radiology

by Elah Gershon Rubin
1

william conrad ____ discovered radiation in 1895

2

powerful invisible rays capable of penetrating substances

3

the propagation of energy through space in the form of particles or waves

4

process by which an atom gains or loses electrons to become a negatively or positively charged atom

5

charged particle that is either positive or negative

6

any type of radiation that is high in energy & capable of producing ions

7

involves particles that have a mass & travel in straight lines; but cannot reach the speed of light

8

included in particulate radiation

9

included in particulate radiation

10

included in particulate radiation

11

included in particulate radiation

12

included in particulate radiation

13

electric & magnetic fields of energy that move through space in wave-like motion

14

lowest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

15

2nd lowest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

16

low middle level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

17

high middle level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

18

2nd highest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

19

highest level of energy in electromagnetic radiation

13
12
16
7
10
4
6
14
11
3
9
1
19
2
15
5
17
18
1

distance between peaks or crests of one wave to another

2

wavelength that has a higher frequency & more energy

3

wavelength that has low frequency & less energy

4

power source of xray machines

5

electrons flow in one direction

6

electrons flow in 2 directions

7

route electrical current takes

8

mechanism used in an electrical circuit to increase or decrease voltage

9

displays on-off switches, milliamperage, time & kilovoltage settings

10

number of electrons per second

11

force that moves electrons

12

peak voltage of an alternating current

13

kvp determines speed at which electrons are propelled from the ___

14

kvp determines penetrating power of the x-ray beam called ____

15

The K in KVp

16

the V in KVp

17

the P in KVp

1
6
2
13
7
14
11
8
12
16
4
9
3
17
15
10
1

electrode controlled by mA settings

2

emits electrons when heated; when mA is applied, electron cloud forms around it

3

focuses the direction of electrons towards the anode

4

positive electrode controlled by kVp settings

5

spot where electrons hit to produce X-rays

6

dissipates excessive heat, X-ray production results in the generation of x-rays & heat

7

protective metal covering that contains the x-ray tube, high/low voltage transformers & insulating oil

8

attaches to the tube head and directs X-ray beams to the object and him. can be in the shape of a cylinder or a rectangle

5
3
2
1
7
6
4
1

during primary radiation the electron cloud forms in cathode around the filament within molybdenum cup by this

2

electrons hit the tungsten target at anode & transform _____ into X-rays

3

what x-ray photons leave X-ray tube as

4

major source of x-rays produced in dentistry (70%)

5

electrons from cathode dislodge electrons from inner orbital K/L shell of the tungsten atoms

6

created because primary beams interact with an object, such as patients body

7

type of scatter

8

type of scatter

9

type of scatter

10

quantity of ionization in the air

11

amount of radiation absorbed by object.

12

absorbed dose adjusted to biological damage, potential of the radiation

13

3mm shield that protects patients from non-productive scatter

14

should always be protected as it is one of the most sensitive organs especially in the young

15

film produces a 60% reduction in exposure

16

plastic sheets coated with fluorescent material called phosphors

17

convert photon energy into visible light

18

measures exposure to radiation

19

as low as reasonably acheivable

18
17
7
15
8
10
13
3
19
14
12
9
4
11
2
5
16
6
1

dark areas produced by less dense structures that permit passage of Xrays

2

light areas produced by denser structures as radiation has been absorbed by those structures

3

part of the bone around the roots that is dense

4

distance between X-ray tube & film

5

FFD for a conventional machine

6

FFD for a small portable machine

7

total energy contained in the beam

8

affected by mA, kVp, distance & exposure time

9

increasing the mA, kVp, & time; while decreasing the distance will ____ the beam intensity

10

decreasing the mA, kVp, & time; while increasing the distance will ____ the beam intensity

11

can also be called darkness & is proportional to amperes, kVp & time

12

difference between lighter & darker shades of grays on radiograph

4
2
3
1
5
0
9
8
11
6
6
12
10
1

1st step of manual processing

2

2nd & 4th steps of manual processing

3

3rd step of manual processing

4

5th step in manual processing

5

image formed by xrays on the film but not visible yet

6

reduces exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver

7

softens film emulsion and speeds up action

8

inhibits development of unexposed silver halide crystals

9

prevents oxidation

10

clears unexposed silver halide crystals

11

shrinks & hardens emulsion

12

keeps medium acidic and stops additional development

13

reducing agent

14

alkalizer

15

restrainer

16

preservative

17

fixing agent

18

hardener

19

acidifier

18
11
17
12
8
6
9
14
1
2
5
15
13
19
16
4
10
3
1

technique error due inappropriate horizontal angulation

2

technique error due to too much vertical angulation

3

technique error due to too little vertical angulation

4

technique error due to bent film

5

technique error due to cone cut

6

technique error due to backward placement of film

7

technique error due to backward placement of film

8

technique error due to upside down focused grid

9

technique error due to narrow collimation

10

technique error due to improper grid settings

11

technique error due to improper bucky settings or cassette placement

12

technique error due to x-ray beam not centered, increased OFD & patient movement

13

technique error due to high kVp or out of date film

14

technique error due to kVp & mA too low

15

technique error due to kVp & mA too high

15
11
4
1
13
6
3
7
5
9
8
10
2
14
12
1

processing error due to overdevelopment & high temperature

2

processing error due to under developing & low temperature

3

processing error due to developing solution touching film before process

4

processing error due to fixer solution touching film before process

5

processing error due to exhausted solutions or insufficient washing

6

processing error due to developer cutoff

7

processing error due to fixer cut off

8

processing error due to trapped air bubbles

9

processing error due to low humidity & quick opening

10

processing error due to improper safelight

11

processing error due to fingernail pressure

12

processing error due to cracked intensifying dessert

7
5
4
11
9
10
3
12
2
8
1
6
 
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