Matching Pairs Micro ex. 5Online version immunological by Ana Rosa Sanchez-Grande 1 The joined fragments will usually form either a linear molecule or a circular one. 2 The enzyme DNA ligase is used to unite the backbones of the two DNA fragments, producing a molecule of r DNA. 3 When two such fragments of D N A. cut by the same restriction enzyme come together, they can join by base pairing. 4 cuts produce DNA fragment two sticky ends. fragment contains an overhang of nucleotides (sticky end) that are identical to the original DNA fragment 5 A restriction enzyme cuts (red arrows) double-stranded DNA at its particular recognition sites 4 3 5 1 2 1 cillia and flagells ribosomes possess cell membrane 2 prenucleus monomorphic petidoglycan cell wall binary fission dna is in a circular chromosome 3 polymorphic Dna is packaged as paired chromosomes polysaccharide cell wall mitosis prokaryote only both prokaryote and eukaryote eukaryote only 1 structural level of protein- specific way and location one protein binds to another protein 2 function of carbohydrates 3 contain cho, h is most abundant and o is least abundant 4 organic compound that is water insoluble and non polar 5 contains CHO and sometimes S 6 building blocks of nuceic acids 7 building components of lipids 8 building blocks of protein 9 contains cho in the formula 10 building block of carbohydrates 11 contains chonp gyceral back bone, fatty acids, and phosopholids carbohydrates main energy source for cells quaternary nucleotides lipid proteins lipids nucleic acids monosaacharide amino acid 1 mitochondrion 2 rough ER 3 nucleus 4 golgi body 5 smooth ER refine, modify, papckage cell products produces atp protein syntheiss has DNA lipid synthesis 1 alchohols 2 halogens (chlroine and iodine) 3 photophosphorylations 4 oxidative 5 substrate donates a high energy phosphate group to ADP 6 detergents, surfactants 7 heterlactic fermentation 8 alcholic fermentation 9 thermal death times 10 homolactic fermentations 11 mixed acid fermentations 12 thermal death point 13 decimal reduction time 14 Hydrogen peroxide final products are variety of acids makes holes in lipid membrane final product is mainly lactic acid shortest length of time required to kill microbe at a specific temperature convert pruvi acid into ethanol and co2 produce OH free radical substrate level minutes taken to kill 90% of pop at a given temp redoc reactions produce enefy allowig addition of high energy phosphate to adp light enerfy is convert to chemical in form of atp in transfer or electons as the pass throuhg carriers dissolve lipids lowest temp to kill all cells in 10 min denatures proteins final products are lactic acid and other compounds 1 optimal growth is great than 70c 2 ph above 8.5 3 highest resistante 4 moderate resitant 5 2 6 6 7 7 8 least resistant 9 ideal temp for growth is 15 to 5 10 optimal growth between 45-70c 11 free licing organism, not in host 12 can withstand ip to 10% salinaty 13 optimmum grwoth greater than 80c 14 likes cold environemtns 15 can tolerate high salinity but does not require it 16 use o2 for metabolism 17 likec acidid (low pH) enirovments 18 1 19 5 20 3 21 like salty enviornments 22 cannot use o2 for metabolism 23 does not use o2 but can tolerate it 24 4 psychrophile thermophile halophile termination, trnascription reachers terminatioor stop condon, rna strand is compelte hyperthermophile elongation, rna is synthesiszed by comp. bases pairing of NT, DNA is tmeplate anaerobe psychorphile aerobe halotolerant acidophile areotolerant anarobe alkalinophile mRNa contain language to make the protein and binds to a ribosome the site of synthesis moves along dna, the dna transcribed rewinds up bacterial vegatative cells, ordinary fungal sposes, enveloped viruses, yeats, and protoza hyperthermophile obligate saprobe halophiles rotozoan cysts, sexual fungal spores, naked viruses dna unwinds at the beginning of a gene, with start codon initiations, RNA polmerase binds to promoter rna and rna polmerase are release, dna helix reforms endospores, prions 1 Use of bacteria and its molecule-sized particles to be used in drug targeting and delivery in a host 2 vector 3 3 4 Vaccine made from pathogen proteins in genetically modified yeasts 5 Screening of parental or fetal tissue for several hundred possible genetic diseases 6 shuttle vector 7 Field that utilizes computer-assisted analysis to understand gene function 8 2 9 clone 10 recombinant dna r(DNA) technology 11 Defense against viruses and transposons where small interfering RNAs bind to mRNA to be finally destroyed by proteins, RISC 12 Stopping of gene expression when a small DNA insert encoding siRNA against a gene of interest and cloned into a plasmid and transferred into a cell 13 7 14 Use of CRISPR to correct genetic mutations at specific locations 15 6 16 5 17 The therapeutic application where defective genes or missing genes are replaced 18 A technique that uses DNA probes to detect the presence of specific DNA in restriction fragments (RFLPs) separated by gel electrophoresis. 19 4 20 Analysis of DNA by electrophoresis to identify pathogens 21 Vaccine consist of a nonopathogenic virus that is carrying a pathogen's antigens 22 1 23 Genetic analysis that begins with a piece of DNA and proceeds to find out what it does 24 8 25 The science of determining all of the proteins expressed in a cell field that focuses in insertion or midification of gene to produce desired proteins for advance sludeg eflluent is moved and dried on drying bed sel f replicating dna molecue exists in several differen specifies and can moved cloned sequences among organism gene silencing population of genetically idential celss arrisngn from eone each carries the vectore southern blotting gene editing the primary effluent undergoes aeration, microorganimss oxidize organic matter, filter or sludge system bioinformatics genetic testing effluent is diinfected by chlorination and releassed into the enviornemtns solid matter settles out into primary sedimentation tank dna fingerprinting gene therapy reverse genetics nanotechnology dried sludge is removed and disposed in landfil or agricultural alnd sewage is screened skimmed and ground dna vaccine remain sludge from primary sedimentation tank and settling tank is digested by anaerobic bacteria producing methane and co2 rna interfernece subunit vaccine self replicating dna molcule used to transport forgign dna into a cel;l proteomics at the end of secondary trearmetn a settling tank holds solids that comes out of suspension 1 microinjection 2 2 3 5 4 candida albicans 5 diptheria 6 4 7 transformation 8 alters memrbane permeability 9 trichomoanas 10 3 11 gene gun 12 ear infection 13 genital herpes 14 electroporation 15 interferes with nutrient absorption 16 1 17 whopping cough 18 protoplast fusion 19 histoplasmosis 20 influenza 21 6 22 paralysis of helminths 23 tuberco=uosis 24 prevent atp production insert dna by remvng cell wall to all fusion tubercles in lung ivermectin protozoan virus fluid in middle ear whoop sound in cough dna insert in cell, cell takes dna nitrification: and nitrate ion into nitrate ions fungus or yeats nitrogen fixation: nitrgoen gas into ammonia ammonification: amino acids into ammonia dry cough, fever, extereme fatique, body aches medbendazole and albendazole echnique using flass micropipette to puncture and insert dna praziquantel bullet introduces dna pnemunia, night sweats denitrification: nitrate ion into nitrous gas dna insert into cell in electrical current from pores in cell membrane ammonia disassociates into ammonium ions in water psuedomembrane on throat and tonsils niclosamide deamination, protien into amino acids 1 3 2 2 3 4 4 6 5 1 6 5 water is mized with flocculnt aggregates of the flocculant mizture settles out and carry colloidal partcles out of suspension water enters particulate filtration raw water is held in resovoir to allow particulates to settle water is treted by chloronation and oxone treatment or uv ligth exposure water is stored before used by consumers 1 Use of inactivated toxins: 2 Use of nonhuman tissue 3 Use of substance that resemble intact viruses but do not contain viral genetic material: 4 Regions in the body where transplants do not cause an immune response such as cornea: 5 Stimulating humoral and cellular immunity with injecting naked DNA to produce protein antigen 6 Made from molecules in pathogen’s capsule; not very immunogenic: 7 Avirulent viruses or bacteria are genetically modified to deliver genes coding for antigens: 8 Made up of weaken pathogen 9 Requires repeated booster doses: I 10 self antigens on cell surfaces: 11 Use of identical twin's tissu 12 genes encoding histocompatibility antigens: 13 Use of toxin-bearing antibodies or endotoxins to stimulate or enhance the normal immune response in order to attack tumor cells 14 Used for diseases in children with poor immune response: 15 Master cells capable of renewing themselves and differentiating into organ-specific specialized cells: 16 Subunit vaccines produced by genetic modification: 17 MHC genes in humans 18 Use of tissue from another person who is not an identical twin 19 Can result in lifelong cellular and humoral immunity: 20 Closely mimic an actual infection 21 Induced mostly humoral immunity: 22 Cells that are harvested from blastocysts and can generate all types of cells: 23 Reaction response to nonhuman antigens 24 Body's immune response to cancer: 25 Use of antigenic fragments: 26 Use of one's own tissue Toxoids inactivated killed vaccines major histocompatibility complex MHC Live attenuated vaccines HLA complex Autograft Conjuaged vaccines Xenotransplantation product Nucleic acid vaccines immunotherapy Recombinant vector vaccines Recombinant vaccines Stem cells Isograft hyperacute rejection Inactivated killed vaccines Subunit vaccines Virus-like particle vaccines Polysaccharide vaccines Embryonic Stem Cells Privileged site live attenuated vaccines Histocompatibility antigens Allograft immune surveillanc Live attenuated vaccines
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