Matching Pairs Agriculture & WaterOnline version Exam 3 study guide by Andrea Navarro 1 Undernourishment 2 Famine 3 Urban Farming 4 Food Sovereignty 5 _% of habitable land in use 6 _% of freshwater used 7 Food Security 8 _% of greenhouses gasses is produced by agriculture 9 Food Insecurity 10 Food deserts The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food withing cities and suburban areas 50 All people at all times having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food. The right for people in a region to have access to healthy, culturally appropriate food grown in a sustainable, autonomous way Caused by: insufficient funds, inadequate distribution, war/crises that disrupt production, and discrimination Low-income areas lacking access to affordable food 30 Widespread food shortage causing mass starvation 70 A condition that results from insufficient food consumption 1 Soil Profiles 2 Erosion 3 Renewable Resource 4 Weathering 5 Parent Material 6 Organic Matter 7 Topsoil 8 Biomes Regions defined by climate, soil type, and the unique communities of plants and animals that inhabit them ... is the geological process where natural forces transport soil and rock debris from one location to another, shaping landscapes ... are natural energy sources that replenish faster than they are consumed Contains the greatest amount of organic matter. A vertical cross-section of soil showing its distinct layers, or horizons, from the surface down to parent material ... is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form 1. Moisture retention 2. Supply and retention of nutrients/elements 3. Reduces erosion (Topsoil contains the greatest amount of ___ ____) In-place breakdown of rocks and minerals (rain, ice, temperature change) 1 Selective Breeding 2 Green Revolution 3 Monocultures 4 Crop Rotation 5 Intercropping 6 Norman Borlaug 7 Terracing 8 No-till Plowing 9 Cash Crops 10 Contour Plowing Is a technique for growing crops without disturbing the soil, using specialized planters to insert seeds directly into residue from previous crop Transforms steep slopes into a series of flat, stepped levels to prevent soil erosion, improve water management, and create arable land The practice of planting different, specific crop families in a sequence on the same land over several seasons. The agricultural practice of growing a single crop species. Practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field to maximize space, boost yields, and improve sustainability A massive agricultural transformation introducing high-yield seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive irrigation Was an agricultural scientist that sought to reduce global famine and food scarcity by developing and cultivating crops that were more productive The process where humans breed plants or animals for specific, desirable traits Grow crops to sell rather than to feed a population where farmers plow across slopes, following the land’s elevation contours rather than up and down (minimizies erosion and water loss) 1 Broad Spectrum (non-degradable) 2 Narrow Range (degradable) 3 Pasture Crops 4 Community Supported Agriculture 5 Polyculture 6 USDA Organic Certification 7 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 8 Integrated Pest Management 9 Biological Controls Designed to break down or degrade under specific conditions. verifies that farms or processing facilities meet federal standards, producing food without synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or GMOs a partnership where consumers buy "shares" of a farm's harvest in advance, providing farmers with upfront capital and sharing the risks of the season Using living organisms to manage agricultural pests and weeds - reducing reliance on chemical pesticides (parasitoids, pathogens, predators, etc.) Combines biological controls, pesticides, no-till, and crop planting techniques (ecosystem approach to planting techniques) Multiple crops that are GOING to be harvested (all in one area) Species grown for grazing livestock ("high" quality nutrition & reduction of feeding costs) Not readily degraded - designed to remain in soil long-term (bioacculmulate & biomagnify) are living things whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering 1 Desalination 2 Hydrologic Cycle 3 Influent Streams 4 Overdraft 5 Saltwater Intrusion 6 Oceans (as a drinking source) 7 Surface Water (as a drinking source) 8 Aquifers 9 Water Table 10 Infiltration 11 Effluent Streams The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soils, acting as a crucial link between surface water and groundwater. Recharge groundwater by losing water to the water table (common in arid/dryland regions) A geologic body ( permeable rock, gravel, sand, or silt) that can hold and transmit usable amounts of groundwater. The process of removing salts and minerals from seawater or brackish water to create fresh, potable water. The zone of saturation where pores/fractures of the ground are saturated w/ groundwater. Determines wells' depth and health of wetlands/streams. Alternative source of drinking water - requires disinfecting and filtering. The amount of water pumped from an aquifer exceeds the amount of water that recharges it. (Lowers water tables & dries wells & water quality). The movement of water in the hydrosphere (pathways & reservoirs). The amount of water is fixed. Human activities affect supply and quality. Recieve water from the groundwater table (common in humid climate) Movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers (caused by excessive g.w. pumping, sea-level rise, and reduced river flows) Alternative source of drinking water - requires desalination (is expensive). 1 The Great Salt Lake 2 Wetlands 3 In-Stream 4 Aral Sea 5 The Colorado River 6 Water Scarcity 7 Off-Stream 8 Consumptive Use 9 Channelization 10 Non-Consumptive Use Water is returned back to the source. Water-saturated ecosystems (swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens) Straightening, deepening, widening, clearing, or lining existing stream channels. Controls floods and improves navigation. Loss of wetlands. 90% loss of surface area for agricultural use, air pillution (erosion), increased salinity, loss of wetlands, and regional climate change. largest saline lake in the Western Hemisphere Involved diverting water from a source to another location for uses such as irrigation or municipal supply, often reducing downstream flow. River could run short of water 58% to 73% of the time by the year 2050 Lack of sufficient available water resources to meet consumption demands. Removes water from the source (evaporation, transpiration) so it is UNAVAILABLE for immediate REUSE (irrigation and industrual cooling) Water is used within its natural waterway for purposes like habitat maintenance, recreation, or hydropower. 1 Discuss the steps of wastewater treatment 2 Primary Treatment 3 Chemical Pollutants 4 Virtual Water 5 Non-Point Source Pollutants 6 Physical Pollutants 7 Biological Pollutants 8 Indicator Species 9 Xeriscaping 10 Secondary Treatment 11 Waterborne Diseases 12 Point Source Pollutants 13 Gray Water Settling tanks (clarifiers) remove 40-60% of suspended solids by allowing sludge to settle. Process of removing pollutants, suspended solids, and harmful pathogens from sewage and industrial waste to produce cleaner water. Aeration tanks encourage bacteria to break down organic matter (removes 90% of suspended solids) Bacteria, Parasites, and Protists Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause disease. Alter the envirnment's physical properties (sediment and debris) Are organic or inorganic compounds (metals, pesticides, and toxins). The volume of freshwater consumed, evaporated, or polluted during the production of goods and services. A plant, animal, or microorganism used to assess the health of an ecosystem. Pollution that comes from an identifiable location (pipe or factory) Pollution that comes from multiple locations (carried by rainfall, making it harder to trace - residential run-off) Gently used wastewater from showers, sinks, and laundry. Reduces water bills and sewage loads by irrigating landscapes or flushing toilets. Sustainable landscaping method that uses drought-tolerant plants, gravel, and mulch to minimize irrigation. 1 Riparian Buffers 2 Thermal Pollution 3 Anoxia 4 Oil Pollution 5 Pacific Garbage Patch 6 Eutrophication 7 Sediment Pollution 8 Hypoxia Greatest pollutant (by volume and mass). Soil particles. Construction site runoff, agricultural erosion, and urbanization. Fauna - coasts, feathers, fur (buoyancy, insulation) Flora - photosynthetic impact (oil-consuming bacteria, biomagnification) Reduced supply of oxygen to the brain Complete, total cutoff of oxygen The over-enrichment of water by nutrients (N & P) leads to excessive algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and dead zones killing fish and the biodiversity A vegetated area planted along the edge of a stream, river, or lake to protect water quality and aquatic habitats. A massice collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean - high concentrations of plastic The harmful alteration of water temps in bodies of water caused by industrial cooling towers (vegetation removal and stratification)
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