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Antibiotic resistance mechanism

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Antibiotic resistance mechanism

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Jessica
Jessica
United Kingdom

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Antibiotic resistance mechanism
 

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Antibiotic resistance mechanismOnline version

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by Jessica
1

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of bacteria to survive exposure . It arises through change within bacterial populations . can occur in bacterial DNA , which may alter antibiotic sites . When antibiotics are present , bacteria survive while bacteria are killed . This leads to selection , the frequency of resistant strains in the population .

2

inactivation occurs when bacteria produce enzymes that chemically modify or destroy the . For example , ? - is produced by some bacteria . This enzyme hydrolyses the ? - ring of penicillin . As a result , the antibiotic is inactivated and cannot inhibit cell synthesis .

Target alteration occurs when a mutation leads to modification of the antibiotic ? s site , reducing drug affinity . For example , in penicillin - binding proteins can occur . This reduces binding of ? - lactam antibiotics such as . As a result , the antibiotic is effective at inhibiting cell wall synthesis .

Alternative enzymes are produced when bacteria acquire encoding enzymes that bypass the inhibited target . For example , MRSA produces an alternative penicillin - protein ( PBP2a ) . This enzyme has low affinity for ? - lactam antibiotics such as methicillin . As a result , cell wall synthesis can despite antibiotic presence .

3

uptake occurs when bacteria reduce the entry of antibiotics into the cell . This is often due to changes in porin proteins in the outer membrane . For example , resistance to can involve reduced uptake . As a result , antibiotic reaches its intracellular target .

efflux involves active transporters that pump antibiotics of the cell , lowering intracellular levels . These efflux pumps the concentration of the drug inside the bacterium . For example , tetracycline resistance often involves efflux pumps . As a result , the antibiotic cannot reach effective .

4

Antibiotic resistance genes can spread through gene transfer . involves the transfer of plasmids through direct cell - to - cell contact , and these plasmids often carry resistance genes . occurs when bacteria take up free DNA from the environment . involves bacteriophages transferring DNA between bacteria . These processes enable the rapid spread of resistance genes between bacterial populations .

 
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