Matching Pairs Media IndustriesOnline version Exam Study Guide by Andrea Navarro 1 Allocative Resources 2 Public Sphere Model 3 Resource dependency theory 4 Authoritative Resources 5 Market Model Society’s needs can't be met entirely thru the market system. Info. is vital to a participatory democracy. Audience are citizens, not only consumers. tangible resources for use in reaching goals; actual goods or material artifacts (programs, equipment, buildings, human personnel). Creation, distribution, and exhibition of mass media materials is essentially the struggle of organizations over a broad range of society’s resources. media are like all other goods and services; competitive markets = best outcomes for consumers the ability to control the actions of other actors through pressure or strategic advantage 1 What was the MPPC, and how did it affect the development of the motion picture industry in the United States? 2 Blockbuster Era 3 Digital & Streaming Shift 4 The Nickelodeon Boom 5 How did the arrival of television in the 1950s change the motion picture industry? 6 What role has the authority power role historically played in the motion picture industry (provide some examples)? 7 Vaudeville Era 8 The Grand Movie Palace 9 Today’s Hybrid Experience 10 What kind of influence does the client power role have in motion pictures? 11 What was the Hays Office, and what were its goals? What was the “Hollywood code” and how did it affect the production of movies? 12 From Private to Public 13 Theater Birthday 14 Studio Control to Decline MPPDA’s president, Will Hays, created a moral code about what was allowed in films produced for a public audience in the US. Meant to keep ppl moral. Movies as segments of live variety programs; origin of the “feature film” They help finance films/get them money, plus control product placement, etc., in films. Distribution: Disney: Supplying content to theaters, TV networks, DVD producers, streaming companies, advertising. Financing of independent producers audiences balance at home streaming with premium, communal theater experiences (today) Luxurious, large-capacity theaters designed for comfort and escape First public projection of Edison’s Vitascope Rise of storefront theaters charging five cents for continuous programs Decimated movie theater attendance, forcing the motion picture industry to pivot from mass-produced B-movies to spectacles that TV could not replicate Films watched solo in penny arcades and phonograph parlors Motion Pictures Patents Company tried to control the industry, ruled unconstitutional for violating antitrust laws. Opens the road for competitors. Studios like Paramount Pictures dominated exhibition until TV and suburbanization reduced audiences Platforms like Netflix made films more accessible than ever Hits like Jaws reshaped moviegoing into a mass entertainment event 1 Unions in Hollywood 2 Nickelodeon 3 Franchise 4 Hays Office/Hollywood Code 5 Windowing 6 Simultaneous Release (Arditi) 7 Thomas Edison 8 MPPC 9 Block Booking 10 P&A 11 Kintoscope First mogul of the motion picture industry MPPDA's president, Will Hays, created a moral code about what was allowed in films produced for a public audience in the US. Replaced by MPAA. Rise if storefront theaters charging five cents for continous programs A strategy where films are released for home consumption at the same time as, or shortly after, their theatrical debut. SAG, IATSE, DGA, etc. Refers to the costs a distributor incurs for marketing and distributing a film, covering trailers, advertising, and digital delivery theaters recieve "A" (expensive, high prestige) pictures only if they agree to also accept "B" pictures motion pictures patents company - tried to control industry, ruled unconstituional for voilating anti-trust laws invented by Edison, allowed films to be watched through a peephole Distribution strategy to try to get the most money possible for a particular film by offering it at multiple price points Collection of related movies connected by shared characters, settings, or storylines. Designed to generate multiple revenue streams: sequels, merch 1 Cable TV 2 Multiple System Operator 3 Which power roles have a great deal of influence in the television industry, and why? 4 Technical Regulation by the FCC 5 AD Zapping (Arditi) 6 TV Freeze (1948-1953) 7 Prime-time access rule 8 Clinet Power Role in Early TV History 9 Broadcast TV 10 Affiliate 11 Cord-Cutting (Arditi) 12 Fin/Syn Rules 13 O&O 14 What were some of the impacts of the Telecommunications Act of 1996? 15 FCC Report on Chain Broadcasting (1941) 16 TV Syndication 17 V-Chip 18 Telecommunications Act of 1996 19 John Walson/Service Electric Allows parents to block programs based on content rating Is an independent producer or company that sells specific shows station-by-station across many different owners and markets FCC regulation prohibiting the top 50 market network affiliates from airing network-produced content during 7:30-8 pm Leaving cable for streaming A company that owns and operates multiple cable television systems across different communities or regions 1. Forced NBC to divest itself of one network 2. Led to 3 networks: NBC, ABC, CBS Requires a paid subscription for a wide, specialized channel lineup (distributors are less powerful) Most of the power in cable is concentrated in exhibitors like comcast and xfinity Techniques used by viewers to avoid advertisements (switching channels, muting the TV, or using ad-blocking software) 1. 1945 - 12 channels for very high frequency (30MHz-300MHz) (FCC ruling) 2. Complaints - network control, too little diversity Held immense power, often dictating content more directly than the television networks themselves. Single-sponsor system. Law that mandated ratings. Overhauled US communications law by relaxing ownership limits & encouraging cross-industry competition No limit on total # of stations 1 company can own No control of < 50% of ad revenue in a single market Networks own cable TV systems Rating system FCC regulatios that prohibited major TV networks from owning, syndicating, or profiting from reruns of programs they aired 1960s delcine in TV quality prime-time acess rule financial interests & syndication rules ban on tabacco advertising fariness doctrine A pioneering broadband offering cable TV, high-spped internet, and phone services A local television stations that is not owned by the network itself but carries the network's content (prime-time shows, sports, and news) Over-the-air television accessed via an antenna (distributors are more powerful) Television or radio stations owned directly by the network with which they are associated 1 HTML 2 Advertising revenue in the internet industry 3 What are ISPs (power role?) 4 WWW 5 Why is UGC important for media production on the Internet? 6 Packet Switching 7 ARPANet 8 ICANN 9 Data Mining 10 Who/what occupies the production, distribution, and exhibition power roles in the internet industry? 11 Cookies 12 HTML & WWW 13 Who is the exhibitor in the Internet/Online industry? 14 What is the neutrality controversy? It is all about exhibition. The idea that "a maximally useful public information network aspires to treat all content, sites, and platforms equally. standardized langauge used to create and structure web pages the company that provides the technology through which a person can go to a specific website - FCC regulates local ISPs - ICANN information that a website puts on your computer's hard drive so that it can remember something about you at a later time Concentrated - Google and Meta hold over 50% of digital ad revenue an information system where web pages can be accessed Together, they allow us to gather information, share, and communicate The only way social media makes money is by selling advertising. Anyone and everyone who posts online. Production&Distr = generally go together Breaking data into small "packets" that travel independently across network paths (emails, video streaming, and social media) Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers - prevents two websites from having the same name - authority role Advanced research projects agency The process of gathering and storing information about many individuals to be used in audience profiling & innteractive marketing Internet service prodivers - distributors 1 Publishers 2 ESRB - power role? 3 ESRB & Game Ratings 4 What are three of the main industry segments in the hardware video games industry? 5 3rd Party Video Game Developers 6 What types of individuals/companies occupy the distributor power role in the video game industry? 7 Epic v. Apple 8 Apple Arcade and Xbox Live 9 Creators 10 Hardware 11 1st Party Video Game Developers 12 What types of individuals/companies occupy the creator power role in the video game industry? 13 Advergaming 14 2nd Party Video Game Developers 15 Steam & Online Consumption 16 Software 17 Hardware Segments 18 MMORPG 19 What types of individuals/companies occupy the producer power role in the video game industry? 20 What types of individuals/companies occupy the exhibitor power role in the video game industry? Retailers. (walmart, best buy, game stop) - gross margins of 35%-40% on full price games in retail stores craft the game, handle programming, art, and design contracted by publishers to create games with concepts provided by the publisher Publishing companies (provide advance to a developer/programmer or artists or a group of artists for game development/design) provides the interactive content and digital experiences Integrated into publishing company independent development houses; develop their own projects and try to sell them to publishers Fund, market, and distribute games Entertainment Software Rating Board - an industry self-regulatory group - applies content rating to games. Facilitator power role. Apples take 30% cut of money spent on apps. App stores within an app bypassed the 30% cut. Epic called Apple a monopoly distributor/restraint of trade 80% of publishers distribute their own games. Distributors Consoles/Desktop/Handheld/Mobile Developer/programmer, or artists, or a group of artists for game development/design Sony (Plasystation 4), Microsoft (Xbox, Xbox 360), Nintendo (DS, 3DS, Wii, WiiU) Entertainment Software Ratings Board — an industry self-regulatory group — applies content ratings to games. It occupies the facilitator power role the physical platform and infrastructure that enables gaming Is an internet-based virtual world where thousands of players interact simultaneously the practice of creating video games to promote a brand, product, or service Steam promotes "unending consumption" by fostering a "never-own-a-game" model. Subscription-like access and purchasing. Turns users into products. 1 What do the successes of the CTA of 1990 and the TV ratings rules tell us about the effectiveness of the public to influence television content? 2 Three main criticisms that have been leveled against synergy and media conglomeration? 3 What did the Children's Television Act require of TV broadcasters? 4 What circumstances led to the success of the campaign to introduce content-specific ratings for television in the 1990s? 5 What is synergy? 6 What kind of influence do ordinary citizens have on media content? 7 Performance Program 8 What kinds of synergies are being explored by today's media giants? 9 Why is media conglomeration a conservative approach to the challenges associated with audience fragmentation? Between streaming and film distribution - Paramount Discovery and Warner Brothers merger Aud. fragmentation. = dividing the audience among more media outlets Solution? = gain access to distribution channels in multiple media industries They were all resulting from the public advocacy power role. Very effective. Turow: media orgs. are likely to ignore/downplay critiques by indi/small groups - media reform advocates find strength in #s with other indi/orgs Air at least 3hrs of core edu. programming/week 7am-10pm - regulalry scheduled Edu. programs = 30 mins Stations provide access to license renewal docs Debt! No money! No profits! Conservative decision-making - stiffling creativity Harm to the democratic process - links news&entertainment, corp.cen. responding to complaints in particular ways that companies are trained to - scripted Create more value by becoming bigger thru combining companies. Can lead to debt = pay interest. Coordination = output is < sum of each part added tg Kids were watching inappropriate content because there was no label. 1 Emergent culture 2 Comcast-NBC Merger Obstacles 3 Action for Children’s Television (ACT) 4 Twitch.tv 5 Performance program 6 Comcast-NBC Merger Logic 7 Residual culture 8 Public vs. Public advocacy power roles 9 Comcast-NBC merger 10 Four requirements for democratic media (Croteau/Hoynes): 11 Dominant culture 12 Low power FM Radio 13 Synergy responding to complaints in particular ways that companies are trained to 1. Diversity 2. Innovation 3. Substance 4. Independence (from government & commercial interests) uses frequency modulation, with better sound quality but shorter range, typically for music formats Hegemony= establishes&maintains order Rev.= commodification of culture Platforms= surveillance of consumers Subscription= payback to artists/stream 4 concerned moms: Goal: Eliminate commercialism in kids' pgms Protect free speech of broadcasters Pressure broadcasters & networks to self-regulate Looking for synergy = would make money by distributing and putting it on their pay-per-view video on demand. Buy = access to content = distribute reminder that things can be different; when dominant forms fail to meet present needs (vinyl records, DVDs, VHS tapes) Anti-trust act = must convince the government that it would help people - public interest test Meanings, values, practices, rel. being created via new media Challenge existing norms of production, distribution, & monetization Hybrid media forms Comcast shareholders may not benefit. The movie business is very appealing but hard to make money in, so Comcast might be cooked. an individual decision vs an organized effort developing form of streaming, streaming integrating into the digital games industry You create more value by becoming bigger through combining companies - Media conglomeration
Match the description to the correct Amendment from the Bill of Rights.