Matching Pairs Altitude TrainingOnline version AT references by Spencer 1 Altitude training can enhance the O2 transport system as hypoxic stress can stimulate changes in total Hb mass and erythropoietin. 2 Altitude training for for 4 weeks is optimal for maximising adaptation whilst maintaining training quality. 3 Altitude training can delay LT1 as it improves muscle O2 homeostasis, mitochondrial efficiency and muscle buffering capacity. 4 Altitude exposure increases basal metabolic demand and protein catabolism so caloric intake must increase by 10-20%. 5 Elevated GLUT 4 transporter mRNA has been recorded in skeletal muscle following prolonged altitude training which facilitates longer glucose uprtake. Levine and Stray-Gunderson, 1997 Faiss et al., 2013 Bonato et al., 2023 Butterfield, 1999 Flaherty et al., 2016 1 Runners have an annual incidence rate of 10% for AT and up to 27% of all MSK injuries in athletes occur at the foot or ankle. 2 Abnormal biomechanics of the lower limb may increase the risk of excessive loading of the tendon and changes in ROM are linked to increased risk of AT 3 Eccentric exercise improves tendon structure by stimulating collagen synthesis and tendon remodelling. 4 Cumulative lifetime incidence of AT in elite male runners was more than 50% and even after surgery, recurrence rate is as high as 44% 5 Abnormal pronation of the foot causes asynchronous movement between the foot and ankle during stance phase causing elevated tensile stress. Magnussen et al., 2019 Wang et al., 2022 Prudencio et al., 2023 Prudencio et al., 2023 Munteanu and Barton, 2011 1 14.8% of supplements tested contained undeclared anabolic steroids. 2 Beta-alanine can improve exercise capacity by 2-3%. 3 Studies report GI symptoms in up to 50% of athletes using sodium bicarbonate at performance enhancing doses. 4 Creatine can increase maximal strength and power by 5-15%. 5 Creatine enhances PCr stores in skeletal muscle allowing rapid ATP regeneration which improves explosive power. 6 Nitrate supplementation improves nitric oxide availability, enhances mitochondrial efficiency and lowers the O2 cost of exercise. 7 Beta-alanine increases intra-muscular carnosine concentrations improving the muscles buffering capacity against H+ accumulation during HI exercise. Kreider et al., 2017 Jones, 2014 Hobson et al., 2012 Hobson et al., 2012 Kreider et al., 2017 Carr et al., 2011 Geyer et al., 2004 1 GAD in athletes ranges from 6-14.6% using self-report measures which is consistent with the general population. 2 Mental health disorders are associated with an increased risk of injury and worse post-injury recovery outcomes. 3 Male elite athletes range from 5% for adverse alcohol use to 45% for anxiety and depression. 4 Female athletes are twice as likely to report depressive symptoms compared to male athletes. 5 Eating disorders are most prevalent in female athletes with estimated ranges between 6-45%. 6 Poor mental health literacy and negative past experiences of mental health are key barriers for athletes. 7 MSK injuries and adverse life events are strong predictors of anxiety in athletes. Schaal et al., 2011 Gorczynski et al., 2017 Reardon et al., 2019 Rice et al., 2016 Gulliver et al., 2012 Beable et al., 2017 Rogers et al., 2024 1 Mentally tough athletes had significantly lower cortisol ranges responses especially during stress exposure and better emotional regulation. 2 Mentally tough athletes persisted 17% longer during endurance endurance tasks compared to lower scoring participants. 3 Goal progress and attainment alongside transitions to higher levels of performance are underpinned by perseverance and mental toughness. 4 Higher mental toughness scores were positively associated with greater training distress and overcommitment behaviours in athletes. 5 Psychological skills training interventions produced moderate to large effects on performance (Effect size = 0.51). 6 There is a positive relationship between mental toughness and performance outcomes including cross-country race times. Crust and Clough, 2005 Mahoney et al., 2014 Gucciardi et al., 2015 Madigan et al., 2018 Brown and Fletcher, 2017 Crust and Clough, 2005
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